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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 1 - Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - Eyes and Ears Flashcards

1
Q

eyelid aka

A

palpebrae

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2
Q

what do eyelids do?

A

cover the eyes

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3
Q

medial/lateral commissure (canthus)

A

median and lateral junctions of upper and lower eyelids

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4
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

located on the medial commissure, produces oily secretions

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5
Q

conjunctiva

A

inner surface of the eyelid, secretes mucus

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6
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

secretes tears that contain lysozyme

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7
Q

the lacrimal apparatus consists of (4)

A
  1. lacrimal gland
  2. lacrimal canaliculus
  3. lacrimal sac
  4. nasolacrimal duct
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8
Q

ciliary glands

A

modified sweat glands found between eyelashes, lubricates the eye

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9
Q

tarsal glands

A

sebaceous glands posterior to the eyelashes, produces oily secretion, lubricates eye

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10
Q

six extrinsic eye muscles

A
  • lateral/external rectus
  • medial/internal rectus
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • superior oblique
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11
Q

lateral rectus: action

A

moves eye laterally

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12
Q

lateral rectus: controlling cranial nerve

not III oculomotor

A

VI (abducens)

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13
Q

medial rectus: action

A

moves eye medially

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14
Q

medial rectus: controlling cranial nerve

A

III oculomotor

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15
Q

superior rectus: action

A

elevates eye and turns it medially

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16
Q

superior rectus: controlling cranial nerve

A

III oculomotor

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17
Q

inferior rectus: action

A

depresses eye and turns it medially

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18
Q

inferior rectus: controlling cranial nerve

A

III oculomotor

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19
Q

inferior oblique: action

A

elevates eye and turns it laterally

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20
Q

inferior oblique: controlling cranial nerve

A

III oculomotor

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21
Q

superior oblique: action

A

depresses eye and turns it laterally

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22
Q

superior oblique: controlling cranial nerve (not III)

A

IV trochlear

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23
Q

three layers of the eye

A
  1. fibrous layer
  2. vascular layer (uvea)
  3. sensory layer
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24
Q

eye fibrous layer

A

outer connective tissue layer consisting of the sclera and cornea

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25
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

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26
Q

cornea

A

transparent anterior structure for light entry

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27
Q

eye vascular layer (uvea)

what layer of the eye? what is the most anteiror part?

A

middle layer of the eye; the iris is the most anterior part

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28
Q

ciliary body (2)

A

found anteriorly; composed of ciliary muscles to control lens shape and ciliary processes to secrete aqueous humor

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29
Q

choroid

A

found posteriorly; blood-rich nutritive layer containing dark pigments preventing light scattering

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30
Q

eye sensory layer

A

innermost layer, contains the two layers retina

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31
Q

two layers of the retina

A
  1. pigmented epithelial layer
  2. neural (nervous) layer
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32
Q

retina pigmented epithelial layer

where is this located? what does it cover?

A

layer closest to the choroid layer; covers the ciliary body and posterior side of the iris

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33
Q

retina neural (nervous) layer

A

transparent layer containing photoreceptors (rod and cones); extends up to the ciliary body

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34
Q

rods

A

for black and white vision, used dim light

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35
Q

cones

A

for color vision, used in bright light

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36
Q

where are cones concentrated in the retina?

A

macula lutea

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37
Q

what is the center of the macula lutea called?

A

fovea centralis

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38
Q

where is your blind spot located?

A

at the optic disc where the optic nerves leave the eye

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39
Q

sensory ligament (ciliary zonule)

A

holds the lens vertically

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40
Q

what do ciliary muscle contractions change about the lens?

A

they change the thickness to focus light onto the retina

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41
Q

lens

A

found anteriorly, focuses light onto the retina

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42
Q

the lens divides the eye into two segments

A

anterior segment/cavity and posterior segment/cavity

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43
Q

anterior segment/cavity of the eye contains

A

contains watery aqueous humor

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44
Q

what is aqueous humor formed by?

A

ciliary bodies

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45
Q

what reabsorbs aqueous humor?

A

scleral venous sinus

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46
Q

posterior segment contains

A

contains gel-like vitreous humor

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47
Q

cells of the retinal layer: bipolar cells

A

connects and modulates input from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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48
Q

cells of the retinal layer: ganglion cells

A

project axons to the brain via optic nerve and tract

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49
Q

where do ganglionic cell axons leave the eye?

A

optic disc

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50
Q

light stimulus causes impulses to travel from: (5)

A
  1. the optic nerves
  2. optic chiasma
  3. optic tracts
  4. superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
  5. occipital lobe in the visual cortex
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51
Q

emmetropic eye

A

normal eye that focuses properly

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52
Q

myopia

A

near-sightedness; images focused in front of the retina

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53
Q

hyperopia

A

far-sightedness; images focused behind of the retina

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54
Q

prebyopia

A

far-sightedness caused by age-related decrease in lens elasticity

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55
Q

astigmatism

A

irregular corneal curvature that distort images

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56
Q

how to correct myopia

A

concave lens

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57
Q

how to correct hyperopia

A

convex lens

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58
Q

what causes myopia?

A

the eyeball being too long

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59
Q

what causes hyperopia?

A

the eyeball being too short

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60
Q

outer ear: auricle/pinna

A

composed of skin covered cartilage

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61
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

external auditory canal lined with ceruminous glands

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62
Q

ceruminous glands

A

secrete wax

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63
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum that vibrates with same frequency as sound waves that enter canal

64
Q

middle ear

A

consists of a tympanic cavity containing auditory ossicles

65
Q

auditory ossicles (3)

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
66
Q

the ossicles amplify and transmit tympanic membrane vibrations to the _____ _____

A

oval window on the cochlea

67
Q

pharyngotympanic/auditory tube

A

connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx and equalizes the middle ear pressure with outside air

68
Q

internal ear

A

consists of a system of bony (osseous) labyrinth filled with aqueous fluid perilymph

69
Q

inner ear: cochlea

A

involved in hearing

70
Q

inner ear: vestibule

what is it involved in??

A

involved in equilibrium

71
Q

inner ear: semicircular canals

involved in what process??

A

involved in equilibrium

72
Q

perilymph

what is it? where is it found?

A

aqueous fluid in the inner ear

73
Q

endolymph

A

aqueous lymph within the inner ear “bony labyrinth”

74
Q

cochlear duct (scala media)

A

filled with endolymph, and separates cochlear cavity into upper chamber and lower chamber

75
Q

scala vestibuli

A

upper chamber of the cochlear duct; terminates at the oval window with stapes, filled with perilymph

76
Q

scala tympani

A

lower chamber of the cochlear duct; terminates at the round window; filled with perilymph

77
Q

spiral organ

A

contains the sensory receptors

78
Q

sensory receptors of the spiral organ

A

hair cells that project to the cochlear nerve and part of the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

79
Q

membranes of the spiral organ: basilar membrane

A

forms the floor of the cochlear duct where hair cells rest

80
Q

membranes of the spiral organ: tectorial membrane

A

contains a gelatinous membrane that stereocilia from hair cells project into

81
Q

membranes of the spiral organ: vestibular membrane

A

roof of the cochlear duct

82
Q

how is sound converted to nerve impulses?

A
  1. The stapes send vibrations through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
  2. these vibrations cause the basilar membrane to move and thus stimulate the air cells there
83
Q

sensitivity to sound frequencies depends on the _____ of the hair cells

A

location

84
Q

high frequency sounds are detected by…

A

primarily hair cells at the base of the cochlear duct

85
Q

low frequency sounds are detected by…

A

primarily hair cells at the apex of the cochlear duct

86
Q

Weber test

A

determines if sound conduction is equally loud for both ears

87
Q

what might the Weber test indicate?

A

if the sounds are not equal in both ears, it may indicate sensorineural deafness from the side with less sound

88
Q

Rinne test

A

compares conduction between bone and air

89
Q

what does the Rinne test show you if air conduction sounds lower? (4)

A

can be caused by compared earwax, a perforated eardrum, inflammation of the middle ear, or damage to the ossicles

90
Q

otitis media

A

inflammation of the middle ear

91
Q

vestibular apparatus

suspended in?
composed of?

A

suspended in perilymph; is composed of the
- utricle
- saccule

92
Q

vestibular apparatus: urticle

A

detects horizontal acceleration

93
Q

vestibular apparatus: saccule

A

detects vertical acceleration

94
Q

semicircular canals

contain?

A

contains the membranous semicircular ducts

95
Q

semicircular ducts

monitor what?

A

monitors angular acceleration (dynamic equilibrium)

96
Q

three semicircular ducts

what are they called?

A

anterior, posterior, and lateral

97
Q

vestibule and semicircular canals are filled with _____

A

endolymph

98
Q

vestibule: the utricle and saccule contain hair cells that project _____ and _____

A

stereocilia and kinocilium

99
Q

vestibule: where do stereocilia and kinocilium project?

A

into the otolithic membrane

100
Q

vestibule: otolithic membrane

A

gelatinous material containing calcium carbonate crystals called otolith

101
Q

otolith

A

calcium carbonate crystals in the vestibule

102
Q

what does movement of the head cause?

A

the otolithic membrane to move and stimulate or inhibit the hair cells to alter electrical signals sent along the vestibular nerve to the brain

103
Q

semicircular canals contain

A

contain hair cells in the crista ampullaris or the ampulla

104
Q

ampullary cupula

A

a gelatinous cap covering the crista ampullaris

105
Q

Label A-D

A

A: palpebral conjunctiva
B: tarsal glands
C: cornea
D: bulbar conjunctiva

106
Q

Label A-C

A

A: lacrimal sac
B: medial commissure
C: lacrimal caruncle

107
Q

Label D-F

A

D: lacrimal gland
E: excretory ducts of lacrimal glands
F: lateral commissure

108
Q

Label G-I

A

G: lacrimal punctum
H: lacrimal canaliculus
I: nasolacrimal duct

109
Q

Label A-C

A

A: optic nerve
B: inferior rectus muscle
C: inferior oblique muscle

110
Q

Label D-G

A

D: lateral rectus muscle
E: superior rectus muscle
F: superior oblique tendon
G: superior oblique muscle

111
Q

Label A-C

A

A: superior oblique muscle
B: superior oblique tendon
C: superior rectus muscle

112
Q

Label D-G

A

D: optic nerve
E: lateral rectus muscle
F: medial rectus muscle
G: inferior rectus muscle

113
Q

Label A-C

A

A: ciliary body
B: ciliary zonule
C: cornea

114
Q

Label D-F

A

D: iris
E: pupil
F: ciliary zone

115
Q

Label G and H

A

G: sclera
H: choroid

116
Q

Label A-C

A

A: ciliary processes
B: iris
C: cornea

117
Q

Label D and E

A

D: choroid
E: sclera

118
Q

Label A-D

A

A: ciliary body
B: ciliary processes
C: choroid
D: sclera

119
Q

Label A-C

A

A: iris
B: pupil
C: retina

120
Q

Label D-G

A

D: macula lutea
E: fovea centralis
F: optic nerve
G: optic disc/blind spot

121
Q

Label A-C

A

A: iris
B: retina
C: fovea centralis

122
Q

Label D-F

A

D: optic nerve
E: optic disc
F: retina

123
Q

Label A-D

A

A: anterior chamber of anterior segment (has aqueous humor)
B: lens
C: scleral venous sinus
D: posterior segment (contains vitreous humor)

124
Q

Label A-C

A

A: anterior segment
B: lens
C: ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)

125
Q

Label E-G

F is not the iris

A

E: vitreous humor in posterior segment
F: lens (posterior aspect)
G: ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)

126
Q

Label A-C

A

A: axons of ganglion cells
B: ganglion cells
C: bipolar cells

127
Q

Label D-F

A

D: photoreceptors
E: rods
F: cone

128
Q

Label G-I

A

G: amacrine cell
H: horizontal cell
I: pigmented epithelial layer of retina

129
Q

Label A-C

A

A: nuclei of ganglion
B: outer segments of rods and cones
C: choroid

130
Q

Label D-G

A

D: axons of ganglion cells
E: nuclei of bipolar cells
F: nuclei of rods and cones
G: pigmented layer of retina

131
Q

Label A-C

A

A: optic nerve
B: optic chiasma
C: optic tract

132
Q

Label D-F

A

D: lateral geniculate body
E: superior colliculus
F: uncrossed fiber

133
Q

Label G-I

A

G: crossed fiber
H: optic radiation
I: occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)

134
Q

Label J and K

A

J: superior colliculus
K: lateral geniculate body of thalamus

135
Q

Label A-C

A

A: emmetropic eye
B: myopic eye (nearsighted)
C: hyperopic eye (farsighted)

136
Q

Label A-C

A

A: external ear
B: auricle (pinna)
C: external acoustic meatus

137
Q

Label D-F

A

D: semicircular canal
E: vestibular nerve
F: cochlear nerve

138
Q

Label G and H

A

G: cochlea
H: tympanic membrane

139
Q

Label A-C

A

A: middle ear
B: internal ear (labyrinth)
C: auditory ossicles

140
Q

Label D-G

A

D; malleus
E: incus
F: stapes
G: pharyngotympanic tube

141
Q

Label A-C

A

A: Temporal bone
B: semicircular ducts in semicircular canals
C: anterior

142
Q

Label D-F

A

D: posterior
E: lateral
F: utricle in vestibule

143
Q

Label G-I

A

G: saccule in vestibule
H: stapes in oval window
I: cochlear duct in cochlea

144
Q

Label J and K

A

J: cochlear nerve
K: vestibular nerve

145
Q

Label A-D

A

A: cochlear duct/scala media (contains endolymph)
B: spiral organ
C: scala vestibuli
D: scala tympani

146
Q

Label A and B

A

A: vestibular membrane
B: tectorial membrane

others are on another card

147
Q

Label A-C

A

A: tectorial membrane
B: hair (stereocilia)
C: outer hair cells

148
Q

Label D-F

A

D: inner hair cells
E: basilar membrane
F: fibers of cochlear nerve

149
Q

Label A-C

A

A: stapes
B: oval window
C: scala vestibuli

150
Q

Label D-F

D is asking what is inside the space

A

D: perilymph
E: fibers of cochlear nerve
F: round window

151
Q

Label G-I

A

G: scala tympani
H: basilar membrane
I: cochlear duct

152
Q

Label J and K

A

J: base
K: apex

153
Q

Label A-C

A

A: otolith membrane
B: kinocilium
C: stereocilia

154
Q

Label A-C

C is asking what is in the space

A

A: membranous labyrinth
B: crista ampullaris
C: endolymph

155
Q

Label D-G

A

D: ampulla
E: ampullary cupula
F: hair bundle (kinocilium + stereocilia)
G: hair cell

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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