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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 10 - Reproductive > Flashcards

Lesson 10 - Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

major female gonad

A

ovaries

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2
Q

major male gonad

A

testes

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3
Q

what do the gonads produce? (2)

A

sex cells and hormones

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4
Q

what do male gonads produce? (2)

A

sperm and testosterone

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5
Q

what do the female gonads produce? (3)

A

ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone

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6
Q

the penis is composed of…(2)

A

three cylinders of erectile tissue
- two dorsal
- one ventral

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7
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

the dorsal cylinders of the penis

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8
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

the ventral cylinder of the penis

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9
Q

glans penis

A

the tip of the penis

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10
Q

what is the glans penis covered by?

A

prepuce/foreskin

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11
Q

what contains the testes?

A

scrotum

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12
Q

what is the scrotum for?

A

to regulate temperature to optimize sperm production (94ºF)

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13
Q

duct system

A

accessory structures that form the ducts that carries sperm from the testes to the external environment

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14
Q

epididymis

A

site where immature sperm cells complete the maturation process

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15
Q

where is the epididymis located?

A

located on the superior and posterolateral area of the testes

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16
Q

ductus deferens/vas deferens (sperm duct)

A

connects the epididymis to ejaculatory duct at the ampulla

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17
Q

what encloses the vas deferens along with blood vessels and nerves?

A

a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord

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18
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

propels sperm through the prostate gland to the urethra during ejaculation

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19
Q

urethra (male)

A

common path of both the urinary and reproductive system

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20
Q

three parts of the male urethra

A
  • prostatic
  • intermediate (membranous)
  • spongy
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21
Q

male accessory gonadal glands (3)

A
  • prostate gland
  • seminal glands/vesicles
  • bulbourethral glands
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22
Q

prostate gland

A

encircles and secretes milky fluid into urethra to activate sperm

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23
Q

where is the prostate gland located?

A

inferior to the bladder

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24
Q

seminal glands/vesicles (2)

A
  • joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
  • produces alkaline secretion containing fructose and other nutrients which supplies energy to sperm/promotes fertilization
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25
Q

what makes up 60% of seminal fluid?

A

alkaline secretions from the seminal glands

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26
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

produces, thick, clear, alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra

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27
Q

where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

posterior to the bladder

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28
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

inferior to the prostate

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29
Q

what is the purpose of the mucus produced by the bulbourethral glands?

A

washes out urine during ejaculation of semen

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30
Q

semen

A

sperm and seminal fluid

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31
Q

testes

A

gonads that produce sperm and testosterone

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32
Q

the exterior of the testes are covered by _____ _____

A

tunica albuginea

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33
Q

the tunica albuginea is what kind of tissue?

A

dense connective tissue

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34
Q

the tunica albuginea extends into the testes to…

A

form septa that divide the testis into lobules

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35
Q

lobules of the testis contain (2)

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • rete testis
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36
Q

what is the site of sperm production?

A

seminiferous tubules

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37
Q

_____ cells between testis tubules produce _____

A

interstitial, testosterone

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38
Q

what carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?

A

rete testis

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39
Q

the external reproductive structures of a female include (2)

A

external genitalia (vulva) and the mammary glands

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40
Q

the vulva includes (3)

A
  • mon pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
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41
Q

mons pubis

A

overlies the pubic symphysis

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42
Q

labia majora is homologous to what in males?

A

the scrotum

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43
Q

the labia minora enclose the _____ region containing…(3)

A

vestibule
1. clitoris
2. urethral orifice
3. vaginal orifice

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44
Q

the clitoris is homologous to what in males?

A

the penis

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45
Q

what is the clitoris covered by?

A

prepuce of the clitoris

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46
Q

urethral orifice (female)

A

part of the urinary system, is seperate from the reproductive system

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47
Q

vaginal orifice

A

external opening that leads into the internal reproductive structures

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48
Q

the vaginal orifice also contains these two things

A
  1. hymen
  2. greater vestibular glands
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49
Q

hymen

A

thin fold of mucous membrane that closes the vaginal opening

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50
Q

greater vestibular glands

A

flanks the vaginal opening and produces lubricants during coitus

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51
Q

the broad ligaments of the female reproductive system (3)

A
  • mesometrium
  • mesosalpinx
  • mesovarium
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52
Q

the mesometrium secures the….

A

uterus

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53
Q

the mesosalpinx secures the…

A

uterine tubes

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54
Q

the mesovarium anchors the…

A

ovaries posteriorly

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55
Q

the round ligaments secures…

A

the uterus to the labia majora

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56
Q

the uterosacral ligament secures….

A

the inferior uterus to the sacrum

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57
Q

the ovarian ligament anchors..

A

the ovaries to the uterus

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58
Q

the ovarian ligament is supported by the _____ ligaments

A

suspensory

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59
Q

the suspensory ligaments anchor…

A

the ovaries laterally

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60
Q

female reproductive organs located in the pelvic region (2)

A
  • vagina
  • uterus
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61
Q

vagina

A

birth canal connecting the vestibule to the uterus

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62
Q

where is the uterus located?

A

between the bladder and rectum

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63
Q

three layers of the uterine wall

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • serosa
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64
Q

three layers of the uterine wall: endometrium (2)

A

internal layer composed of (1) a functional layer (2) that is formed by the basal layer

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65
Q

what is the usual site of egg implantation?

A

the stratum functionalis of the endometrium

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66
Q

the functional layer of the endometrium is also called

A

stratum functionalis

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67
Q

the basal layer of the endometrium is also called

A

stratum basalis

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68
Q

myometrium

A

muscular, median layer of the uterus

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69
Q

serosa

A

the protective outer layer of the uterus

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70
Q

where are the uterine/fallopian tubes located?

A

superolateral region of the uterus extending towards the ovaries

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71
Q

what is the portion of the fallopian tubes closest to the ovaries?

A

the fimbriae

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72
Q

fimbriae

A

finger like projections reaching out from the fallopian tubes to the ovaries

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73
Q

what portion of the uterine tubes is the widest, and longest?

A

the ampulla

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74
Q

what portion of the uterine tubes is located medially and is narrow with a thick wall?

A

the isthmus

75
Q

what is the usual site of fertilization of an egg by sperm?

A

the uterine tube

76
Q

what is the site of female gamete development?

A

ovaries

77
Q

what is the site of estrogen projection?

A

ovaries

78
Q

where are the mammary glands located?

A

anterior to the pectoral muscles

79
Q

when does mammary gland growth start?

A

puberty

80
Q

what is mammary gland growth triggered by?

A

production of estrogen

81
Q

external features of the mammary glands (2)

A
  • areola
  • nipple
82
Q

areola

A

pigmented area surrounding the nipple

83
Q

nipple

A

site of milk release in lactation

84
Q

internal functional units of the mammary glands are called _____

A

lobules

85
Q

what kind of tissue are lobules composed of? (2)

A

connective and fatty tissue

86
Q

alveoli in the mammary glands do what?

A

produce milk

87
Q

milk produced in the alveoli passes through the _____ _____ an is stored in the _____ _____

A

lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses

88
Q

where does meiosis occur?

A

the gonads

89
Q

sex cells are haploid meaning…

A

they are n, and contain half the normal number of chromosomes

90
Q

meiosis consists of _____ nuclear divisions, and it/they are called…

A

two; meiosis I and meiosis II

91
Q

meiosis yields _____ daughter cells

A

four

92
Q

in meiosis I, chromosomes undergo what kind of replication?

A

semi-conservative

93
Q

when does replication of chromosomes occur?

A

interphase (before meiosis)

94
Q

in meiosis I, the process of synapsis occurs meaning…

A

homologous chromosomes line up side to side to form tetrads (crossing over occurs)

95
Q

chiasmata

A

points of crossing over during meiosis I

96
Q

after crossing over, the _____ move to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase

A

dyads

97
Q

genetic material does/does not replicate in meiosis II

A

does not

98
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of sperm

99
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis (5)

A

(1) During puberty, the spermatogonia (plural) undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2n)
(2) primary spermatocytes undergo a growth phase before undergoing meiosis I
(3) the primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I and form two secondary spermatocytes (now n)
(4) the secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form four spermatids
(5) spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form four functional sperm

100
Q

spermiogenesis

A

the last stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids mature into functional sperm

101
Q

the production of primary spermatocytes from spermatogonia is under the control of what hormone?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

102
Q

oogenesis

A

production of eggs cells in fetal females

103
Q

oogenesis is under the influence of what hormones?

A

gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary

104
Q

oogonia (2)

A

(1) undergoes thousands of mitotic divisions in fetal development and (2) become encapsulated by cells to form the primordial follicles of the ovaries

105
Q

primary oocytes

A

by birth, encapsulated oogonia grows into primary oocyte which is arrest at prophase of meiosis I

106
Q

at puberty in women, oogenesis is under the influence of what hormone?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

107
Q

what is formed as the follicle grows around a primary oocyte?

A

the primary follicle

108
Q

the secondary follicle

A

the primary oocyte maturing

109
Q

what does the secondary follicle produce? what does it do?

A

estrogen produced is feedback to stop the release of gonadotropin by the anterior pituitary

110
Q

in the vesicular (antral) follicle, what occurs?

A

the primary oocyte completes meiosis I producing the secondary oocyte and the first polar body

111
Q

a mature vesicular follicle releases…

A

a secondary oocyte enclosed in the corona radiata

112
Q

the corona radiata

A

a casing around the secondary oocyte after being released from the vesicular follicle

113
Q

the corona radiata is composed of what type of cell?

A

granulosa cells

114
Q

when the anterior pituitary suddenly increases luteinizing hormone, what happens to the ruptures vesicular follicle?

A

it turns into the corpus luteum and produces progesterone and estrogen

115
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if luteinizing hormone levels drop?

A

it degenerates and is replaced by scar tissue called the corpus albicans

116
Q

what happens upon fertilization of the secondary oocyte? (2)

A
  • meiosis II proceeds
  • the ovum (2n) and second polar body are produced
117
Q

the menstrual cycle occurs how many days after ovulation?

A

14 days

118
Q

three phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. menstrual (menses)
  2. proliferative
  3. secretory
119
Q

menstrual cycle: menses phase

A

day 1-5 where the functional layer of the endometrium sloughs off and bleeding occurs

120
Q

menstrual cycle: proliferative phase

A

days 6-14 where estrogen from the growing follicle causes endometrium repair, glands and blood vessels proliferate, and the endometrium thickens again

121
Q

menstrual cycle: secretory phase

A

days 15-28 where the corpus luteum progesterone causes and increase in glands and vascular supply in the endometrium

122
Q

in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, is an embryo is present, what occurs?

A

the embryo will produce luteinizing hormone to maintain the corpus luteum

123
Q

Label A-C

A

A: corpus cavernosum
B: corpus spongiosum
C: glans penis

124
Q

Label D-G

A

D: prepuce (foreskin)
E: external urethral orifice
F: testis
G: scrotum

125
Q

Label A-C

A

A: ampulla of the ductus deferens
B: ejaculatory duct
C: ductus (vas) deferens

126
Q

Label D-G

A

D: prostatic urethra
E: intermediate (membranous) urethra
F: spongy urethra
G: epididymis

127
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: seminal gland (vesicle)
B: prostate
C: bulbourethral gland

128
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: spermatic cord
B: epididymis
C: testis

129
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: interstitial endocrine cells
B: seminiferous tubule

130
Q

Label A-C

A

A: spermatic cord
B: seminiferous tubule
C: lobule

131
Q

Label D-F

A

D: septum
E: tunica albuginea
F: ductus (vas) deferens

132
Q

Label G-J

A

G: head of epididymis
H: rete testis
I: body of epididymis
J: tail of epididymis

133
Q

Label A-C

A

A: ureter
B: ampulla of ductus deferens
C: seminal gland

134
Q

Label D-F

A

D: ejaculatory duct
E: bulbourethral gland and duct
F: urogenital diaphragm

135
Q

Label G-I

A

G: ductus deferens
H: corpora cavernosa
I: epididymis

136
Q

Label J-L

A

J: corpus spongiosum
K: testis
L: spongy urethra

137
Q

Label M-O

A

M: prepuce (foreskin)
N: external urethral orifice
O: corpora cavernosa

138
Q

Label P-R

A

P: urethra
Q: tunica albuginea of erectile bodies
R: corpus spongiosum

139
Q

Label S-U

A

S: prostatic urethra
T: urinary bladder
U: prostate

140
Q

Label V-Y

A

V: intermediate (membranous) urethra
W: root of penis
X: body (shaft) of penis
Y: glans penis

141
Q

Label A-C

A

A: mons pubis
B: prepuce of clitoris
C: clitoris (glans)

142
Q

Label D-F

A

D: vestibule
E: anus
F: labia majora

143
Q

Label G-I

A

G: labia minora
H: external urethral orifice
I: hymen

144
Q

Label J and K

A

J: vaginal orifice
K: opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland

145
Q

Label A-C

A

A: vagina
B: greater vestibular gland
C: pubic symphysis

146
Q

Label D-F

A

D: mons pubis
E: urethra
F: clitoris

147
Q

Label G-J

A

G: external urethral orifice
H: hymen
I: labium minus
J: labium majus

148
Q

Label A-C

A

A: uterosacral ligament
B: vagina
C: suspensory ligament of ovary

149
Q

Label D-G

A

D: infundibulum
E: ovary
F: uterus
G: round ligament

150
Q

Label A-D

A

A: broad ligaments
B: mesosalpinx
C: mesovarium
D: mesometrium

151
Q

Label E-G

A

E: suspensory ligament of ovary
F: uterine (fallopian) tube
G: ovary

152
Q

Label H-K

A

H: round ligament of uterus
I: vagina
J: uterosacral ligament
K: ovarian ligament

153
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: endometrium
B: myometrium
C: serosa

154
Q

Label A-C

A

A: perimetrium
B: cervix
C: suspensory ligament of ovary

155
Q

Label D-F

A

D: infundibulum
E: ovarian tube
F: ovary

156
Q

Label G and H

A

G: fimbriae
H: uterus

157
Q

Label A-C

A

A: uterine (fallopian) tubes
B: ovary
C: fundus of uterus

158
Q

Label D-F

A

D: lumen of uterus
E: uterine tube
F: ampulla

159
Q

Label G-I

A

G: isthmus
H: infundibulum
I: fimbriae

160
Q

Label J-L

A

J: wall of uterus
K: endometrium
L: myometrium

161
Q

Label M-P

A

M: perimetrium
N: cervical canal
O: cervix
P: body of uterus

162
Q

Label A-C

A

A: pectoralis major muscle
B: adipose tissue
C: lobe of mammary gland

163
Q

Label D-F

A

D: areola
E: nipple
F: opening of lactiferous duct

164
Q

Label G-I

A

G: lactiferous sinus
H: lactiferous duct
I: lobule containing alveoli

165
Q

Label A-C

A

A: prophase I - tetrads form by synapsis of homologues
B: crossover form
C: anaphase I - homologues separate

166
Q

Label D-F

A

D: daughter cells of Meiosis I
E: anaphase II - sister chromatids separate
F: daughter cells

167
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: spermatogonia
B: primary spermatocytes
C: spermatids
D: immature sperm in lumen

168
Q

Label A-C

A

A: spermatogonium
B: mitosis
C: primary spermatocyte

169
Q

Label D-F

A

D: primary spermatocyte
E: meiosis I
F: secondary spermatocyte

170
Q

Label G-J

A

G: meiosis II
H: spermatids
I: spermiogenesis
J: functional sperm

171
Q

Label A-C

A

A: secondary oocyte
B: ovulated secondary oocyte
C: corona radiata

172
Q

Label D-F

A

D: developing corpus luteum
E: corpus luteum
F: medulla

173
Q

Label G-I

A

G: ovarian ligament
H: primary follicles
I: degenerating corpus luteum (corpus albicans)

174
Q

Label J-L

A

J: tunica albuginea
K: cortex
L: secondary follicle

175
Q

Label M-P

A

M: granulosa cells
N: late secondary follicle
O: mesovarium and blood vessels
P: vesicular (antral) follicle

176
Q

Label A-C

A

A: mitotic events
B: oogonium (stem cells)
C: mitosis

177
Q

Label D-F

A

D: primary oocyte
E: meiosis I
F: first polar body

178
Q

Label G-I

A

G: meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur)
H: polar bodies
I: second polar body

179
Q

Label J-L

A

J: ovum
K: follicle in development in ovary
L: follicle cells

180
Q

Label M-O

A

M: oocyte
N: primordial follicle
O: primary oocyte

181
Q

Label P-R

A

P: primordial follicle
Q: primary oocyte
R: primary follicle

182
Q

Label S-U

A

S: secondary follicle
T: vesicular (antral) follicle
U: secondary oocyte

183
Q

Label V-X

A

V: ovulation
W: sperm
X: meiosis II

184
Q

Label Y, Z, and 1

A

Y: ovulated secondary oocyte
Z: in absence of fertilization, ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum and degenerates
1: degenerating corpus luteum

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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