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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 7 - Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Lesson 7 - Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

the lymphatic system is composed of…(4)

A

lymphatic organs, tissues, nodes, and vessels

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2
Q

some lymphatic organs (3)

A

tonsils, thymus, and spleen

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3
Q

the lymphatic system functions to…(3)

A
  • transport tissue fluid (lymph) to blood vessels and back into the circulatory system
  • protect the body by removing foreign material like bacteria from the lymphatic stream
  • acting as a site for lymphocyte multiplication
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4
Q

where are the tonsils located?

A

the pharyngeal region

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5
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

the thorax

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6
Q

when is the thymus most active?

A

during youth

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7
Q

where is the spleen?

A

curves around the left side of the stomach

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8
Q

where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

in the intestine

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9
Q

where is the appendix?

A

the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

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10
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

they collect fluid (H2O and other proteins) that is not collected and transported through venules

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11
Q

collection/transport of lymph (6)

A

lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic collecting vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> right lymphatic duct/thoracic duct -> brachiocephalic vein

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12
Q

right lymphatic duct drains…(2)

A

lymph from the upper body in some people, in others it drains into veins of the neck

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13
Q

the thoracic duct drains lymph from…

A

pretty much everywhere except for where the right lymphatic duct drains

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14
Q

lymph vessels contain ___ tunics

A

three

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15
Q

what do lymph vessels have to prevent backflow?

A

one way valves

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16
Q

how is lymph moved through vessels?

A

flow of lymph caused by ‘squeezing’ of vessels by surrounding skeletal muscle contractions

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17
Q

two portions of lymph nodes

A
  • medulla
  • cortex
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18
Q

where are large lymph nodes located? (3)

A
  • inguinal
  • axillary
  • cervical
    regions
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19
Q

what are lymph nodes usually embedded in?

A

connective tissues

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20
Q

lymph nodes: cortex (2)

A
  • inner cortex of T cells
  • outer germinal center of B cells
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21
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

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22
Q

T cells (2)

A
  • provide cellular immunity
  • interact w/ foreign proteins and become activated to destroy foreign cells
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23
Q

lymph nodes: medulla

A

medullary cord contains mostly macrophages that destroy foreign matter that arrives in the fluid

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24
Q

five major classes of antibodies

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgD
  4. IgA
  5. IgE
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25
Q

antibodies/immunoglobulins (2)

A

classified as gamma globulin plasma proteins; produced by sensitized B cells

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26
Q

sensitized B cells

A

B cells that have already been introduced to the antigen in question

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27
Q

immunoglobulin structure (2)

A
  • light chains
  • heavy chains
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28
Q

Ig heavy chains

A

larger than light chains, and also contain variable and constant regions

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29
Q

Ig light chains

A

contain a variable region for responses to antigens and a constant region

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30
Q

where is the antigen binding site?

A

the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains combined

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31
Q

what does binding of an antibody do?

A

immobilizes the antigen for phagocytosis or lysis

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32
Q

major role of the respiratory system

A

supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2

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33
Q

respiration has four distinct processes

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • external respiration
  • transportation of respiratory gases
  • internal respiration
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34
Q

what two respiration processes are exclusive to the respiratory system?

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • external respiration
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35
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

air movement into/out of the lungs

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36
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange in the lungs

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37
Q

transportation of respiratory gasses

A

transport of gasses to/from the lungs and the cardiovascular system

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38
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange in the tissues

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39
Q

upper respiratory system I (5)

A
  • nose
  • pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
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40
Q

nose

A

air enters through external nares (nostrils)

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41
Q

pharynx

A

receives air from the nasal/oral cavities, and connects the cavity with larynx

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42
Q

three components of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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43
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior nasal cavity for air only

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44
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior oral cavity for air and food intake

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45
Q

laryngopharynx

A

posterior to the epiglottis at the juncture of the respiratory and digestive systems, for air and food intake

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46
Q

larynx

A

consists of 9 cartilages, composed of hyaline (except for the epiglottis, which is elastic cartilage)

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47
Q

the larynx has two parts

A

the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

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48
Q

larynx: thyroid cartilage

A

laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) is located here

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49
Q

larynx: cricoid cartilage

A

inferior to the thyroid cartilage

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50
Q

the mucous membrane of the larynx consists of (2)

A
  • vestibular folds
  • vocal folds
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51
Q

mucous membrane of the larynx: vestibular folds

A

upper folds that form the false vocal cords

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52
Q

mucous membrane of the larynx: vocal folds

A

lower folds that form the true vocal cords used for producing sounds and speech

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53
Q

trachea

A

leads air from the larynx

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54
Q

what is the trachea lined with?

A

mucous-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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55
Q

what does the lining of the trachea do?

A

moved dust, bacteria, and debris away from the throat and lungs

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56
Q

main (primary) bronchi

A

left and right branches serving the lungs

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57
Q

what do the primary bronchi divide into? (3)

A

smaller lobar (secondary) and then to segmental (tertiary) bronchi and finally to bronchioles

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58
Q

bronchioles are reinforced by…(2)

A

smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage

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59
Q

the smallest branches of the bronchioles have no…?

A

hyaline cartilage

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60
Q

respiratory (terminal) bronchioles

are the beginning of…

A

beginning of the respiratory zone structures

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61
Q

respiratory (terminal) bronchioles branch into…

A

alveolar ducts

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62
Q

alveolar ducts contain many _____

A

alveoli

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63
Q

alveoli

are composed of…

A

composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium

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64
Q

where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

alveoli

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65
Q

what is the respiratory membrane composed of? (3)

A
  • alveolar squamous epithelium
  • basal lamina
  • capillary wall
66
Q

what creates the air-blood barrier? (3)

A
  • alveolar squamous epithelium
  • basal lamina
  • capillary wall
67
Q

the lungs are composed mostly of…

A

elastic connective tissue

68
Q

where are the lungs positioned in the body?

A

the thoracic cavity

69
Q

where is the apex of the lungs?

A

beneath the clavicles

70
Q

where is the base of the lungs?

A

resting on the diaphragm

71
Q

each lung is enclosed in…

A

pleura

72
Q

pleura

A

double-layered serous membrane

73
Q

pleura membranes are separated by a _____ _____

A

pleural cavity

74
Q

the layers of the pleura produce what? where? and for what purpose?

A
  • serous fluid
  • in the pleural cavity
  • to lubricate and hold the layers together
75
Q

parietal pleura

what is it, and where it is attached?

A

outer layer
- attached to the thoracic walls and diaphragm

76
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer
- covers the lung tissue

77
Q

the left lung has _____ lobes

A

two

78
Q

the right lung has _____ lobes

A

three

79
Q

two phases of pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. inspiration
  2. expiration
80
Q

during inspiration, external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm _____

A

contract

81
Q

during normal expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles _____

A

relax

82
Q

what does the contraction of the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm do?

A

increases the volume inside the thoracic cavity since the lungs adhere to the inner walls, causing an expansion and in drawing in of air

83
Q

what does the relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm do?

A

causes the thoracic cavity volume to decrease, ‘pushing’ out air

84
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the amount of hair that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal volume exhalation (~1200ml)

85
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal volume inhalation (~3100ml)

86
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air inhaled/exhaled under resting conditions (~500)

87
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation (~1200)

88
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

max amount of hair that can be exhaled after max inspiration

89
Q

VC equation

A

TV + IRV + ERV

90
Q

total lung capacity (TLC) equation

A

vital capacity + residual volume

91
Q

Label A-C

A

A: tonsils
B: thymus
C: spleen

92
Q

Label D and E

A

D: Peyer’s patches
E: appendix

93
Q

Label A-C

A

A: venous system
B: arterial system
C: lymphatic system

94
Q

Label D-G

A

D: lymph duct
E: lymph trunk
F: lymph node
G: lymphatic collecting vessels (with valves)

95
Q

Label H and I

A

H: blood capillaries
I: lymphatic capillaries

96
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: blood capillaries
B: lymphatic capillaries

97
Q

Label A-D

A

A; regional lymph nodes
B: cervical nodes
C: axillary nodes
D: inguinal nodes

98
Q

Label E and F

A

E: entrance of right lymphatic duct into vein
F: entrance of thoracic duct into vein

99
Q

Label G-I

A

G: thoracic duct
H: aorta
I: collecting lymphatic vessels

100
Q

Label A-C

A

A: internal jugular veins
B: right jugular trunk
C: right lymphatic duct

101
Q

Label D-F

A

D: right subclavian trunk
E: right subclavian vein
F: brachiocephalic veins

102
Q

Label G-I

A

G: superior vena cava
H: azygos vein
I: esophagus

103
Q

Label J-L

A

J: trachea
K: left jugular trunk
L: left subclavian trunk

104
Q

Label M-P

A

M: left subclavian vein
N: entrance of thoracic duct into vein
O: thoracic duct
P: hemiazygos vein

105
Q

Label A-C

A

A: cortex
B: lymphoid follicle
C: germinal center

106
Q

Label D-F

A

D: afferent lymphatic vessels
E: efferent lymphatic vessels
F: hilum

107
Q

Label G-I

A

G: medulla
H: medullary cord
I: medullary sinus

108
Q

Label J and K

A

J: trabeculae
K: capsule

109
Q

Label A-C

A

A: trabecula
B: capsule
C: follicles

110
Q

Label D and E

A

D: medullary sinuses
E: medullary cords

111
Q

Label A-D

A

A: heavy chain variable region
B: heavy chain constant region
C: light chain variable region
D: light chain constant region

112
Q

Label E-G

A

E: antigen-binding site
F: heavy chain
G: light chain

113
Q

Label H-J

A

H: hinge region
I: stem region
J: antigen-binding site

114
Q

Label K-N

A

K: part of the Vh
L: antigen
M: antigenic determinant
N: part of VL

115
Q

Label A-C

A

A: olfactory epithelium
B: nasopharynx
C: pharyngotympanic tube

116
Q

Label D-F

A

D: olfactory nerves
E: inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus
F: hard palate

117
Q

Label G and H

A

G: soft palate
H: uvula

118
Q

Label A-C

A

A: nasopharynx
B: posterior nasal aperture
C: pharyngeal tonsil

119
Q

Label D-F

A

D: opening of pharyngotympanic tube
E: uvula
F: oropharynx

120
Q

Label G-I

A

G: laryngopharynx
H: esophagus
I: trachea

121
Q

Label J-L

A

J: nasal cavity
K: nostril
L: hard palate

122
Q

Label M and N

A

M: soft palate
N: tongue

123
Q

Label the figure.

A

A: pharynx
B: nasopharynx
C: oropharynx
D: laryngopharynx

124
Q

Label A-C

A

A: laryngopharynx
B: esophagus
C: trachea

125
Q

Label D-F

A

D: Larynx
E: epiglottis
F: vestibular fold

126
Q

Label G-J

A

G: thyroid cartilage
H: vocal fold
I: cricoid cartilage
J: thyroid gland

127
Q

Label A-C

A

A: body of hyoid bone
B: thyroid cartilage
C: laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

128
Q

Label D-F

A

D: cricothyroid ligament
E: cricotracheal ligament
F: epiglottis

129
Q

Label G-I

A

G: thyrohyoid membrane
H: cricoid cartilage
I: tracheal cartilages

130
Q

Label A-C

A

A: epiglottis
B: thyrohyoid
C: cricoid cartilage

131
Q

Label D-F

A

D: tracheal cartilages
E: vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
F: thyroid cartilage

132
Q

Label G-I

A

G: vocal fold (true vocal cord)
H: cricothyroid ligament
I: cricotracheal ligament

133
Q

Label A-C

A

A: left superior lobe
B: left inferior lobe
C: apex of lung

134
Q

Label D-F

A

D; pulmonary artery
E: left main bronchus
F: pulmonary vein

135
Q

Label A-C

A

A: superior lobe of right lung
B: middle lobe of right lung
C: inferior lobe of right lung

136
Q

Label D-F

A

D: trachea
E: superior lobe of left lung
F: left main (primary) bronchus

137
Q

Label G-I

A

G: lobar (secondary) bronchus
H: segmental (tertiary)
I: inferior lobe of the left lung

138
Q

Label the figure.

A

pseudostratified epithelium

139
Q

Label A-C

A

A: respiratory bronchiole
B: alveolar duct
C: alveoli

140
Q

Label D and E

A

D: alveolar sac
E: alveolar pores

141
Q

Label A-C

A

A: terminal bronchiole
B: respiratory bronchioles
C: alveolar duct

142
Q

Label D and E

A

D: alveoli
E: alveolar sac

143
Q

Label A-C

A

A: alveoli (gas-filled air spaces)
B: in capillary
C: type II alveolar cell

144
Q

Label D-F

A

D: type I alveolar cell
E: respiratory membrane
F: capillary

145
Q

Label G-I

A

G: alveolar pores
H: nucleus of type I alveolar cells
I: alveolar epithelium

146
Q

Label J and K

A

J: fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium
K: capillary endothelium

147
Q

Label A-C

A

A: trachea
B: thymus
C: apex of lung

148
Q

Label D-F

A

D: right superior lobe
E: right middle lobe
F: right inferior lobe

149
Q

Label G-I

A

G: heart
H: diaphragm
I: base of lung

150
Q

Label J-L

A

J: left superior lobe
K: left inferior lobe
L: cardiac notch

151
Q

Label M-P

A

M: intercostal muscle
N: parietal pleura
O: pleural cavity
P: visceral pleura

152
Q

Label A-C

A

A: right lung
B: parietal pleura
C: visceral pleura

153
Q

Label D-F

A

D: pleural cavity
E: pericardial membranes
F: sternum

154
Q

Label G-I

A

G: esophagus (in mediastinum)
H: root of lung at hilum
I: left main bronchus

155
Q

Label J-L

A

J: left pulmonary artery
K: left pulmonary vein
L: left lung

156
Q

Label M-P

A

M: thoracic wall
N: pulmonary trunk
O: heart (mediastinum)
P: anterior mediastinum

157
Q

Label A-C

A

A: inspiration
B: expiration
C: diaphragm

158
Q

Label D-F

A

D: trachea
E: lung
F: diaphragm

159
Q

Label A-C

A

A: inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
B: tidal volume (TV)
C: expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

160
Q

Label D-F

A

D: residual volume (RV)
E: inspiratory capacity (IC)
F: functional residual capacity (FRC)

161
Q

Label G and H

A

G: vital capacity (VC)
H: total lung capacity (TLC)

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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