exam 1 buzzers

Question 1

four layers of the GI tract from the lumen out

Answer 1

mucosa: secretion
1. epithelial membrane layer with goblet cells for mucus secretion
2. lamina propia: connective tissue layer
3. muscularis mucosa: smooth muscle peristalsis propulsion
submucosa: supplies with blood and lymphatic vessels
muscularis externa: skeletal muscle
1. circular, diameter
2. longitudinal, distance (parallel)
serosa in thoracic cavity:
1. visceral paritonuem- organ
2. serosa paritoneum- body cavity walls
adventita around esophagus: made of dense fibroud connective tissue

Question 2

muscle: macro to micro fibers and coverings

Answer 2

epimysium covers the muclse
perimysium covers the facsicle
endomysium covers the myofibril (muscle cell)

Question 3

acetylcholine

Answer 3

released by axon on smooth muscle tissues to create an action potential

Question 4

action potential

Answer 4

temporary rapid rise in voltage change due to ion increase/ decrease
depolarization: the influx of positive Na+ ions into the cell
repolarization: the efflus of positive K+ ions leaving the cell

Question 5

types of epithelial cells (simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, etc.)

Answer 5

simple: one layer, secretion/ absorption
stratified: multilayer, protection

squamous: plate like, flat
cuboidal: same height and width
columnar: taller, narrow cells

simple coloumnar: found in stomach and small intestines for secretions and absorbptions
stratiefied squamos: found in mouth, esophagd, anus (places that make contact with the outside)

Question 6

tropomyosin

Answer 6

protein that blocks myosin from interacting with actin fliament and forming a cross bridge for contraction

Question 7

calmodulin

Answer 7

protein used to activate smooth muscle
Ca+ ions bind to Calmodulin which activate the MLKinase and this activates the smooth, nonstriated, uninuclear smooth mucsle

Question 8

bolus

Answer 8

the food and saliva mixture that is further broken down my segementation and peristalisis down the digestive tract

Question 9

peristalsis

Answer 9

the forced movement down the alimentary canal by the muscularis mucosa

Question 10

extracellular matrix

Answer 10

formed by specific secreted macromolecules that form a network on which cells grow and migrate along

Question 11

this is the serous memebrane of two layers

peritoneum

Answer 11

made of two continous layers creating the fluid filled peritoneal cavity
visceral layer: touches the organs (serosa of the thoracic cavity)
serosa layer: touches the inner thoracic body cavity

connected by the mesentery

Question 12

mesentery

Answer 12

extends from abdominal wall to digestive organs connecting the visceral membrane covering the organs and pairetal membrane lining the body cavity functioning to hold the organs in place and provide routes to organs for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves into the submucosa layer (of the four digestive tract layers)

Question 13

goblet cells

where, function?

Answer 13

connective cells in the lining of the simple columnar epithelial cells of the inner mucosa layer that creates mucus

Question 14

lamina propia

Answer 14

the second layer of the mucosa made of loose areolar connective tissue that supports the epithelial

Question 15

sphincters

Answer 15

made by the muscularis externa to prevent backflow of food by constricting

Question 16

transcellular vs. paracellular

Answer 16

trans: through the cell, ions, small water souble
para: blocked by tight junctions

Question 17

accessory digestive organs

Answer 17

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 18

eicosaniods

Answer 18

20+ carbon chain fatty acid (lipids) for cell signaling

Question 19

high and low concentrations of the following ions for the intracellular condition and the extracellular condition:
Na +
K +
Ca 2+
Cl-

Answer 19

Intracellular:
high- K+
low- Na+, Ca 2+, Cl-

Extracellular:
high- Na+, Ca 2+, Cl-
low- K+

Question 20

perimysium

Answer 20

covers the fascile

Question 21

epimysium

Answer 21

covers the muscle group

Question 22

endomysium

Answer 22

covers the myofibril (muscle cells)

Question 23

Z line

Answer 23

encompasses the length of the scaromere/ myosin thick filament (one on each side)

Question 24

fascile

Answer 24

multiple myofibril threads

Question 25

troponin

Answer 25

inbetween the actin filament that binds to Ca+ ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum covering and encourages myosin creating a cross bridge to actin filament by ATP physphorylation

Question 26

sliding filament model

Answer 26

Question 27

stucture of epitheleal cells

Answer 27

1. apical membrane: faces the outside (mouth), lines inner cavities
2. microvili: finger like cytoplasmic extenstions to increase surface ares
3. basal membrane: lines inner body, touches interstitial fluid
4. ** tight junction**: point of cell contact to reduce passage between