exam 4 Flashcards
what are the two types of fermenters?
foregut: primary fermentation occurs in the stomach to breack down cellulose
hindgut: primary fermentation occurs in the small intestine to break down cellulose
which animals comprise foregut fermentors?
ruminants
- cattle
- goats/ sheep
- whales (wierd)
- deer
- antelope
- giraffe
typical mouth structure of ruminants
teeth, tongue, salivary behaviors
teeth: no upper incisors for clipping, instead a dental pad, space between incisors and premolars+molars
tongue: used for feeding/ pulling grass
saliva: 100-200 L per day
what ezymes are released in the mouth of foregut fermentors?
what does this mean for digestions
salivary lipase is starts the diegestion of fats in the mouth but NO amylase or starch digestion until the stomach
saliva function
- lubrication
- pH stabilization
- assist in swallowing
- lipase enzymatic activity of fat catabolisis
ruminant stomach structure
the parts?
- rumen (80% of stomach)
- reticulum
- omasum
- abomasum
rumen function and struture
papillae in the cavity to increase surface area for absorption where 50% of cellulose is fermented (anaerobic) by archaea microbes to produce methane (CH4) and VFAs votalie fatty acid chains
true or false: each of the stomach chambers are separated in ruminants
false: the rumen and reticulum do not have a wall separating the parts and is considerd one organ functionally
ruminate reticulum structure and function
honeycomb inner cavity that acts aas a sorter to retain dense particles and allow liquid to pass to the adjacent omasum chamber
what happens to the dense particles retained in the reticulum?
process name
regurgitation of solids back into mouth for more chewing of molars and aid in better absorption of VFAs
omasum function
grinding
abosmasum function
secretion of
- HCl (at a pH of 3)
- chief cell pepsinogen enzymes for digestion of proteins
- G cell gastrin
what is the direction of digestion flow in cow’s stomach?
order the chambers
- rumen
- reticulum
- omasum
- abomasum
what absorption takes place in the small intestine of ruminants?
the 130ft long organ has the absorption of proteins and fat primarily in the jejunum (2nd part) of DJI
what takes place in the large intestine of ruminants?
made of the cecum, colon, and rectum LI:
- absorbs water
- absorbs SCFAs (short chained fatty acids from celluluose fermentaion) and Na+ sodium
- storage of feces and elimation
general difference between nutrients and macronutrients
both are needed by organisms but macro is needed in large amounts (measured in grams) and mirco are needed in trace amounts (measured in mg)
are the following macro and mirco nutirents?
1. carbohydrates
2. iron
3. calcium
4. protiens
5. fats
6. starch
7. sodium
- carbohydrates: macro
- iron: micro
- calcium: micro
- protiens: macro
- fats: macro
- starch: macro
- sodium: micro
what are the two main groups of micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
what do nutrients do in the body?
monitors hormesis: zone of maintaining homeostatsis
“the dose makes the posion” means
although all nutients are required for growth, repair, and function of the body, too much and too little can cause great damage of either deficiency or toxicity
elements to know: UPDATE AS YOU LEARN
- Na
- Ca
- Mg
- K
- P
- Fe
- Na: sodium, involved in many regulatory and dependent processes, depolarization of action potential
- Ca: calcium, primarily in bone and important for skeletal muscle action
- Mg: magnesium, acts as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions (higher in the cell)
- K: potassium, repolarization of action potentials (higher in the cell)when exiting
- P: phosphorus, assist bone formation, bilayer membrane, etc. inorganic state
- Fe: iron, hemoglobin. myoglobin, DNA repair
what is sodium?
chemical characteristics
mineral, metal
ionic, ionized in water, electorolyte readily binds to Cl forming a salt
sodium functions in the body
1.membrane potential: Na is higher outside of cells, so increase allows selective permeablity to provide low Na cells
2.cellular communication: action potentials of neurons depolarization of Na into the cell and generates communication to smooth and skeletal muscle cells to signal Ca+ - mysoin- tropinin interactions
3. salt-water balance: 140 mmol/L (mM) osmotic pressure special importance in kidneys to reabsorb sodium
4. acid-base balance: Na+-H+ antiporter maintain nuetral pH 7
5. absorption of macronutrients: sodium dependent glucose (SGLT symport) and amino acid (NAAT symport) for absorption of macromolecules
6. regulates blood pressure and volume: high Na leads to high H2O and blood pressure/ volume increase
daily sodium in take
1.5 kg Na per day for optimal blood pressure
- 140 mmol/ L
what is calcium
chemical characteristics and intake
- mineral, two valence electrons
- readily ionizes to Ca2+
- majority (98.9%) of Calcium in the body is hydroxyapatite the other 1% is in fluids, blood plasma, high outside the cell
- intake: 1g/ day
calcium functions
- nervous system communications: Ca2+ entering nerve cells allow neurotransmitter rlease and creates action potentials by opening voltage gated channels st the neuromuscular junction
- muscle contractions: troponin in skeleletal muscle and calmodulin in smooth muscle are dependent on the element for myosin thick filaments to contract
- blood pressure: too much (and technically too little) Ca can lead to vasoconstrictions in smooth muscle increasing blood pressure
- bone formation: 99% of Ca is involved in hydroxyapatite bone formation involving osteoblast building cells stimulated by calcitonin hormone and osteoclast break down cells stimulated by parathyriod hormone to release Ca back to the blood.