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Animal Nutrition and Physiology > exam 1 review > Flashcards

exam 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of digestive systems? bold the one humans have.

A

1. complete gut: gastrointestinal (GI) tract/ alimentary canal
has two seperate openings 1. for food 2. for waste removal

  1. incomplete gut: gastrovascular cavity - common in flatworms
    has one opening for both food and waste
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2
Q

what are the four types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial: form aboundaries between different environements, protects, secrets, absorbs, filters
  2. Connective: supprts, protects, binds other tissues together
  3. Muscular: contracts to cause movement
  4. Nervous: internal communication
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3
Q

what is the main function of epitheal tissues?

A

is it a sheet (one sheet is simple, mulitiple is stratified) of cells that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities (lumen) , and forms majority of glands

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of epitheal tissues?

A
  • little to no extracellular matrix
  • avascular: lack blood vessels
  • innervated extensively to sense the environment
  • high regernation capacity: constantly replacing lost/ damaged cells
  • example: stratified epitheal is found in the mouth
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5
Q

what is the difference between the transcellular and paracellular routes?

A

transcellular: through a single cell
paracellular: between cells

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6
Q

what are the three main function of the digestive system?

A
  1. digestion: including mechanical and chemical breaking down
  2. absorption: from outiside to inside movement
  3. elimination: undigested maaterial is removed as waste
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7
Q

what are the two organ groups of the digestive system?

A
  1. alimentary canal: a continuous muscular tube running from the mouth to the anus “outside” the body open on both ends to mechanically and chemically breakdown food
  2. accesory digestive organs: connects to GI tracts via ducts
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8
Q

what organs are a part of the alimentary canal?

picture attached

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine , large intestine, rectum, anus

answer in blue

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9
Q

what comprise the accesory digestive organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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10
Q

what are the three types of muscular cells?

know similarties and differences

chart attached

A
  1. smooth: fibers are non-striated, uninucleated, spindle-shaped, involuntary activity usually covering wall of internal organs
  2. skeletal: fibers are striated, multinuleated, tubular, voluntary activity usually connected to skeleton
  3. cardiac: fibers are striated, branched, and uninucleated, involuntary, only covering walls of the heart
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11
Q

what are the four biomolecules?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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12
Q

what are carbohydrates?

list the monomer, picture, main elements, function

A

C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio
sugars and startches
water soluble polar molecules because of **-OH hygroxyl **groups and function to fuel molecules, structure, and storage

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13
Q

in carbohydrates, what is the storage in plants? in animals?

A

plants: starch
animals: glycogen

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14
Q

what are the three classes of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides: monomer sugar
  2. Disaccharides: two sugars
  3. Polysaccharides: multiple sugars
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15
Q

what are lipids?

list the monomer, picture, main elements, the main types

A

CHO
fats
nonpolar, insoluble in water molecules with much less oxygen than carbohydrates
- triglycerides
- phopholipids
- steriods
- eicosaniods

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16
Q

what are the functions of?

  • triglycerides
  • phopholipids
  • steriods
  • eicosaniods
A
  • triglycerides: three fatty acids bonded to glycerol
  • phopholipids: lipid bilayer of hydrophilic polar head and hydrophobic nonpolar tails
  • steriods: hormones, membrane structure, influence nutrition levels of micronutrients and glucose made from chloesterol
  • eicosaniods: 20 + C fatty acids for cell signaling (ex: prostoglandins)
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17
Q

what are proteins?

list the monomer, picture, main elements, stucture

A

CHON
amino acid monomers
amino acid + R side chain + carboxylic acid linked by peptide bonds (20 amino acids)
primary structure: sequence of amino acids
secondary structure: alpha helix/ beta sheet folding due to interactions of polypeptide
hydrogen bonds
teriary structure: folding due side chain interactions by all kinds of bonds
quarternary structure: more than one polypeptide

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18
Q

what are nucleic acids?

list the monomer, picture, main elements, stucture

A

CHONP
nucleotide monomers
nitrogen base (AGTC) + sugar (deoxyribose/ ribose) + phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
AG- purines
TC- pyrimidine
deoxy- double stranded
ribose- single stranded

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19
Q

is the following a high or low concentation intracellular and extracellular
Na +
K +
Ca 2+
Cl-

A

Intracellular:
high- K+
low- Na+, Ca 2+, Cl-

Extracellular:
high- Na+, Ca 2+, Cl-
low- K+

they are opposites

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20
Q

what is an action potential?

A

rapid sequence of change across voltage membrane due to influx and efflux of ions

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21
Q

define depolarization

A

cell becomes more positive due to influx of ions
Na+ influx

22
Q

define repolarization

A

cell becomes more negative due to efflux of ions; membrane potential returns to resting
K+ Leaving

23
Q

what is the order of coverings below? what do they cover?
1. perimysium
2. endomysium
3. epimysium

A
  1. epimysium: covers the muscle
  2. perimysium: covers fasicles
  3. endomysium: covered muscle fibers (cells)
24
Q

what is the order of muscle from largest to smallest?
myofibril, actin, myosin, sacroplasmic recticulum, fasicle, sarcomere, A band, I band, muscle, M line, Z line

A

muscle
fasicle
myofibril (cell)
sarcoplasmic recticulum (covering the myofilaments)
myofilaments: actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
I band, A band, I band
sacromere contracting portion

25
Q

difference between troponin and tropomyosin

A

troponin: binds Ca 2+
tropomyosin: wraps aroung actin to block myosin binding sites

26
Q

what is myosin?

structure, interacting groups

A

thick filament with gloubular head to attach to actin binding site and ATP-binding site (ATPase activity of ATP to ADP + Pi inorganic phosphate)

27
Q

what are the five steps of the sliding filament model?

A
  1. Myosin in low-energy state is ATP bound
  2. ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin head and Myosin becomes “high energy”
  3. Cross-bridge formation as ADP and (inorganic phosphate) are result of ATPase activity
  4. Power stroke: actin is pulled toward M line, ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) are released, and Myosin returns to low energy state
  5. ATP binding releases myosin head from actin
    Cycle begins again
28
Q

what are the three main parts of a neuron?

be able to label as well

A
  1. cell body: houses the nucleus
  2. dendrites: cytoplamsic extensions of the cell
  3. axon terminals: place of ion exchange and synaptic activity
29
Q

the neuromuscular junction summary:
what are the two parts, funtion/ purpose, steps of action

A

the neuromuscular junction is the interaction at the syncaptic cleft between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber. an action potential takes place as acetylcholine is released and allows for an action potential to generate calcium efflux into T-tubule invaginations of the sarcolemma ans it binds to the troponin in the actin thin fliament opening myosin binding sites to form and cross-bridge causing it to contract as the sarcomere shortens

skeletal muscle and nervous system

30
Q

where are smooth muscle cells located in the digestive system?

A

two layers along:
1. inner, circular layer: lines the lumen and constricts the lumen when it contracts
2. longitudinal, outer layer: parallel to the axis of the organ shortens the organ when contracted

31
Q

what is a tissue and what are the four main in the body?

A

defintion: similar cells that perform a common function
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscular
4. nervous

32
Q

what are the types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. simple- one layer
  2. stratified- multi layer

subcategories:
1. squamous- flated “plate” cells
2. cuboidal- cube shaped
3. coloumnar- taller, than wide (narrow)
4. transitional- multiple layers that change shape when stretched

33
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelial cells and where are they found?

A

they are single, flattened cells for filtration, diffusion, osmosis, surface covering in the air sacs of lings, capillaries , linings of blood and lymph vessels

34
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelial cells and where are they found?

A

cells function for absorption, secretion, protection in the stomach and intestines

35
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelial cells and where are they found?

A

they function to protect in the outer layer of skin, lining of oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal

36
Q

all digestive organs have what four layers?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa/adventitia

adventitia in the esophagus/ not part of the abdominopelvic cavity

37
Q

this pic: beable to identify the four GI tract layers

A
38
Q

what is the synaptic cleft?

A

the gap between axon terminals and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber where acetylcholine is released and allows for an action potential to generate calcium efflux into T-tubule invaginations of the sarcolemma

39
Q

smooth muscle characteristics:

A
  • no striations
  • no sarcomeres
  • uninucleate, central of the cell
  • spindle-shaped
  • involuntary
  • covers walls of internal oragns
  • no T tubules (no need for troponin/ calcium ion action potentials becuase involuntary
  • gap junctions or cohesive contractions
40
Q

smooth muscle contraction steps

A

calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid binds to the calmodulin portein that binds to the MLCK kinase to activate mysosin by phosphorylation allowing the thick myosin filament to form a cross-bridge to actin and shorten/ contract the muscle

41
Q

define tissues and the four types

A

defintion: similar cells that perform a common function
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscular
4. nervous

42
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A

sheet of cells that covers the body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms majority of glands wit little to no extracellular matrix

43
Q

main function of simple epithelium

A

filtration, absorption, secretion: one layer allows passing

44
Q

main funtion of stratified epithelium

A

protection: the two or more layers are found in places subject to mechanical/ chemical stress

45
Q

visceral vs parietal peritoneum

A

the peritoneum is the continous serous double membrane made of the visceral peritoneum membrane that touches the organ (mucosa) and the parietal peritoneum membrance that like the body wall

46
Q

what is the mesentery?

A

extends form abdominal wall to digestive organs connectiing the visceral membrane covering the organs and pairetal membrane lining the body cavity functioning to hold the organs in place and provide routes to organs for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

47
Q

where would the adventitia layer be found along the GI tract instead of serosa? why?

A

adventitia outer layer is on the outer covering othe esophagus which is in the throat. there is no serosa layer which is made up of the visceral peritoneum membrane that touches the organ (Muscularis externa) and the parietal peritoneum membrane that like the body wall because that is a continous/ closed layer in the abdominal cavity functioning to create the fluid filled cavity and allow organ movment with decreased friction

48
Q

what are the three layers of the mucosa?

what is above and below this layer

A

lines the lumen (hollow space) and touches food
1. ephithelial layer** of simple coloumnar (intestines and stomach for secretion/ absorption) and strateified squamous (mouth, esophagus, anus for protection) ** with goblet cells for mucus secretion
2. lamina propia: supports epithelium by loose areloar connective tissue and defenses against pathogens
3. muscularis mucosa: smooth muscle layer produces mucosa movement

49
Q

what is the submucosa made of?

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

50
Q

what are the two layers of the muscularis externa and its function?

A
  1. inner circular layer- diameter, when contracts, shrinks lumen
  2. outer longitiudinal layer- distance, when contracts shortens organ

functions for segmentation/ mixing and peristalsis direction movement from mouth to anus and forms sphinters to prevent backflow

51
Q

what is the serosa of the GI tract made of

only the visceral peritoneum

A

loose areolar connective tissue and single layer of squamous epithelium

52
Q

what is the adventitia, made of, and where is it?

A

it is the outer layer around the esophagus outside of the abdominopelvic cavity instead of the serosa and is made of dense fibrous connective tissue to connect the esophagus to surrounding stuctures

Animal Nutrition and Physiology (9 decks)

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