Unit 4 Mini Case Studies

Question 1

Turkey general statistics

Answer 1

Nearly 28% of the population was born in a different province to the one they now reside in. This is 62% for the area around Istanbul which has attracted migrants for years. Over half the migrants are 15-29 years old and and have a better than average level of education. While rural urban migration was important in the mid 20th century, towards the end of it there was more urban urban migration and less urban rural migration

Question 2

Push factors in Turkey

Answer 2

Low rural incomes
Lack of job opportunities
Inadequate infrastructure in rural areas
Poor facilities in villages
Lack of services in villages/rural areas
These all encourage out-migration but there are issues of:
Improving education especially for girls
Improving transportation and communication
Skill and information levels of would-be migrants
Presence of earlier migrants in destination areas
Information, willingness to take risks and social networks are important push factors which could also be described as pull factors

Question 3

Pull factors in Turkey

Answer 3

Job seeking, 20% for men and 10% for women
Education beyond secondary level
Issues related to a household member, over 50% of female migrants moved for marriage or following a husband/partner
Level of socio economic development of a province
Being located in a coastal area
Development in terms of industry and tourism
Having developed provinces as neighbours

Question 4

Primitive migration examples

Answer 4

Availability and fertility of soils being the main determinant of migration patterns in Sahel

Question 5

Impelled migration examples

Answer 5

The evacuation prior to a volcanic eruption in Mt Pinatube, Philippines, wholesale movement of people in Monseratt. Since the Boxing Day Tsunami in 2004 countrys are more prepared. The movement pf people with the partition of India (1946) is one of the largest migration under duress in modern times but movement in Middle East as a result of upheavals there rivals it

Question 6

Forced migration examples

Answer 6

Following the partition of India minority groups of Hindus remained in the new mostly Muslim Pakistan and groups of Muslims stayed in the new Hindu India. Slaves from West Africa to the Caribbean and Southern USA, Asian Indians form Idi Aumins Uganda (1970’s), movement of ethnic groups during the Balkan conflicts (1980-1990) and conflict between Burundi and Rwanda (1993-200%) which caused the displacement of thousands. Volcanic eruption, flood and drought, environmental tragedies like the Chernobyl disaster (1986) are also factors

Question 7

Free and mass migration examples

Answer 7

In size the largest movement of people was that of Europeans to North America from mid 17th century awards

Question 8

Period of migration law attitudes examples

Answer 8

Before 1914, the USA allowed entry of anyone who was not a prostitute, convict, lunatic and after 1882, Chinese
The Caribbean was a major source of labour for the UK. West Germany attracted guest workers especially from Turkey

Question 9

Population registers examples

Answer 9

Japans and some European countries collect continuous data. It was only under the circumstances of WWII and its immediate aftermath that a national register operated in the UK

Question 10

Socail surveys examples

Answer 10

The UK has the International Passenger Survey which is carried out at seaports and airports

Question 11

Migration in Pakistan

Answer 11

Significantly more male smigrating than females. Could be due to income gap so can earn more money abroad. Most migrants travel from 20-50 km. Costs may be too high to go further. Small number of single people anyway due to arranged marriages but fewer single than married migrate. Women are less likely to migrate. May have more family ties. Traditional to stay at home. Uneducated.

Question 12

Rural to rural migration in Brazil

Answer 12

Moving agricultural workers to the Amazon Basin in Brazil after deforestation

Question 13

Fiji internal migration overview

Answer 13

Walsh in his study of the urbanisation of Fiji examined why islanders migrated to Suva the capital and other coastal towns. 52% of the population of the islands is urban based and Walsh suggested the reasons for this from a mostly rural sugar growing economy to one that includes garment making, processing of sugar, coconuts and ginger and a growing tourist industry

Question 14

Reasons for internal Fiji migration

Answer 14

Indians originally brought in as plantation workers are not allowed to own land so drift to towns
After independence many locals went in search of administrative jobs
Incomes in rural areas are 25% of those in Suva
Urban incomes have been growing 6x faster than rural ones
Many escape the traditional social structure based on communalism to accumulate individual wealth

Question 15

Consequences of Fiji migration

Answer 15

Severe rural depletion has threatened livelihoods of those who remain
Rural families become dependent on remittances from urban family members
Disruption of family life: children left behind in the care of elderly relatives
Pressure on services
Housing shortages in towns to which migrants have moved with lots of people ending up as squatters
Large number of migrants who despite their level of education lack the skills to do the jobs that become available so work in the informal economy

Question 16

Mumbai micro migration

Answer 16

A sample survey of rural migrants from Mumbai found over 75% already had 1 or more relatives living in the city from whom 90% had received assistance on arrival

Question 17

Peru micro migration

Answer 17

A survey of migration from the Peruvian Highlands to Lima found that 90% of migrants could rely on short term accommodation on arrival and for 50%, contacts had arranged a job for them

Question 18

How development in origin affects migration examples

Answer 18

In China the development of rural enterprises increases out-migration. In the Punjab the Green Revolution saw high out-migration by the resident population and in-migration from poorer Indian states

Question 19

Ethnic tension example

Answer 19

In the Niger Delta many locals feel that most jobs go to members of majority ethnic groups (Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa and Fulani who come from elsewhere in Nigeria). The local ethnic groups with smaller numbers nationally feel they have been overlooked by the government resulting in resentment and is a cause of the development of armed groups that have become a major threat to the large oil industry in the region

Question 20

Tibets changing ethnic balance

Answer 20

Tibet is where the in-migration of lots of Han Chinese has had a big impact. Before the Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1950, few Chinese lived in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR). This has changed completely with Chinese migrants how in most of Tibet. In Lhasa the capital there are 200000 Chinese and 100000 Tibetans. If the influx continues, Tibetans could become the minority population in a few decades. Most see this as a threat to their culture and identity. The Dalai Lama, Tibet’s spiritual leader stated that the policy of ‘demographic aggression’ led to ‘cultural genocide’

Question 21

The 2 groups of migration into Tibet

Answer 21

Government officials and technical experts who can be involuntary migrants
Economic migrants: miners, construction workers, retail and other service workers

Question 22

Incentives to migrate to Tibet

Answer 22

Incentives from the government for Han Chinese to go to Tibet include tax incentives, allowances, higher wages and better housing
In 2006 the world’s highest railway Qinghai-Tibet was opened. It runs from Golmud to Lhasa. China says the 1140 km line will bring economic opportunities to Tibet. Many Tibetans fear it will encourage even more in-migration

Question 23

Impact of rural-urban migration impacts population structure examples

Answer 23

20-35 year old women in Grand County USA are 4.3% of the population. This is mainly rural. The ageing population lowers the birth rate and increases the death rate. Out-migration has caused depopulation. In Orange County Florida 12% of the population are women 20-35 year old. Mainly urban

Question 24

Brazil counter urbanisation

Answer 24

Has significant movement in the last 50 years from urban areas in the relatively poor NE (Fortaleza, Natal, Recife and Salvador) to more prosperous cities of the SE (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte)

Question 25

Qatar background

Answer 25

International Trade Union estimated 1200 died building the World Cup stadium (4000 by completion)
Before the World Cup, Qatar wanted to be an advanced country so started a $200bn programme to modernise infrastructure and move the economy away from oil dependence using wealth from it
Since 2010 there has been a construction boom but only 278000 live in Qatar to work and may not want to work in construction. Does not have workers and companies to do so
Opened to hundreds of thousands of migrants from south Asia and MNC’s from the UK

Question 26

Foreign migrants in Qatar

Answer 26

88% of the population out of 1.9m working from south Asia and the Philippines
These are economic migrants from LICs for higher incomes and better life
May be in forced labour or modern slavery (threat of penalty, loss of rights, threat of deportation, dismissal from employment, deprivation of necessities, lack of consent to work, deception of terms)
Migrant workers are recruited in home countries by agents from employers in Qatar. They have to pay the agents a fee and get a contract with salary, hours, rest days and living conditions
On arrival, contract are dishonoured (lower pay, longer hours). In debt and can’t return as need employers for exit visas

Question 27

Kafala system in Qatar

Answer 27

Every migrant workers needs a sponsor. Once there, can’t change jobs without permission. Criminal offence to leave without permission. Can’t join trade unions under law
Sponsors keep passports as control. Sponsors have to arrange residence but fail, confining workers to construction camps. Labour Law not enforced

Question 28

2013 statistics in Qatar

Answer 28

21% got salary rarely or never. 20% said salary was different than promised. Excessive hours. Pay deductions for sickness. 90% said passports were withheld
11% reported injuries at work. Over 1000 were killed or injured on construction sites. Fatality rate for construction was 8.4/100000. No process to complain. 200 Nepalese migrant workers die every year
International Trades Union Confederation cite inadequate and unsuitable accommodation and food
In 2016 new labour laws were introduced to make it easier to change jobs and leave
Kafala system not removed. Exit permits by employers still required
In 2015 ‘Labour City’ outside of Doha opened to accommodate 700000 foreign workers. 1 of 7 complexes being built to house 260000 migrants but over 1.9m total
To blame could be larger MNCs, Qatar authorities and scarce country governments

Question 29

The Aral Sea forced migration

Answer 29

Is a large lake between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. To increase cotton production, most of the river water flowing into the Aral Sea was cut off for irrigation. Since 1960 the surface area of the sea has been reduced by half. Dust from the dried seabed containing agricultural and industrial chemicals is carried by the wind adding further to pollution, salinisation and desertification of land. Agricultural production has fallen and food prices have risen, the fishing industry has almost been destroyed and locals have health problems. Over 100000 have left the Aral Sea since 1992 due to this

Question 30

Kazakhstan forced migration

Answer 30

Semipalatinsk, where almost 500 nuclear bombs were exploded from 1949-1959, 150 above ground, is an environmental disaster zone. 160000 decided to leave due to concerns about the consequences of nuclear radiation. ABout half moved to other parts of Kazakhstan and the rest to former Soviet states. Environmental degradation is deep-rooted and was kept hidden under Soviet rule so may be too late for effective action to be taken

Question 31

Diasporas in London overview

Answer 31

London is the most cosmopolitan city in Europe. Some view it as the most multiracial city in the world. The diverse ethnicity is exemplified by the fact that over 200 languages are spoken. Migration Watch estimates 2/3 of UK immigration since the 1990s has been into London. Within the UK, racial assimilation is more advanced in London. Almost 30% of people in London were born outside the UK compared with 2.9% in north east England. London has the highest proportion of each ethnic minority group except Pakistanis where there is most in Yorkshire

Question 32

Ethnic groups in London

Answer 32

Over 50% of London’s population described themselves as British in 2011. 14% are either white Irish or white other. There are more ethnically African residents (8%) in London than the Caribbean. The largest Asian community is Bangladesh (5%). London’s non-white population (28.8%) is the largest of any European city. The highest proportion of most ethnic groups in the UK are found in London’s boroughs

Question 33

What is ethnic concentration affected by in London?

Answer 33

There is a tendency for more recent immigrants to live in wards with high concentrations
Those not fluent in English are more likely to live in high concentration areas
Those in highest social classes live in lower concentration areas
Higher levels of qualification are associated with lower concentration areas
The more paid workers there are in a household, the less likely they are to live in high concentration areas

Question 34

Ethnic villages in London

Answer 34

Show clear evidence of groups residing within their areas in terms of shops, places of worship, schools, cinemas, newspapers, social facilities, advertising and street presence. Ethic villages include:
Arabs in Bayswater
West Indians in Brixton
Punjabs in Southall
Bangladeshis in Tower Hamlets
Algerians and Moroccans in Finsbury Park
Kosovars and Albanians in Enfield and Newham
Iraqis in Barnet
Congolese in Croydon
Germans in Richmond
Brazilians in Bayswater
Turks in Hackney and Haringey
Chinese in Soho
Koreans in New Malden