vascular physiology Flashcards
function of endothelial cells
maintain blood flow, regulates changes between bloodstream and tissues
-secretes factors that control blood cell adhesion and controls tone of underlying smooth muscle
factors produced by endothelial cells and what each of them do
nitric oxide- inhibits plate adhesion, relaxes vascular smooth muscle
angiotensin II- vascular smooth muscle contraction
prostaglandin- inhibits plate adhesion, relaxes vascular smooth muscle
endothelin- vascular smooth muscle contraction
electrocardiogram
P wave- atrial depolarisation
PR interval- time between atrial and ventricle depolarisation
QRS complex- ventricular depolarisation
T wave- ventricular repolarisation
vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is regulated by
calcium ions
what is and how to calculate cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
measure of how much blood is pumped per unit time
what is hypertension and causes
increased systemic arterial pressure
genetics, race, age, lifestyle, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol
treatments for hypertension
-lifestyle changes
-diuretics
-calcium channel blockers
-ACE inhibitors
-sympathetic nervous regulators
what are arrhythmias and causes
abnormal heart rhythm, electrical dysfunction
defects in impulse formation- SA node automaticity interrupted/altered
defects in impulse conductions- blocked electrical conduction pathway
what is tachycardia and bradycardia
tachycardia= high bp, defibrillator
bradycardia= low bp, conduction blocked
arrhythmia treatments
-surgery, pacemakers, defibrillators
-sodium and calcium channel blockers
-anti-arrhythmatic agents
what is angina and causes
chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
smoking, diet, atherosclerosis
what is an ischaemia
inadequate blood supply due to blocked blood flow
factors that increase the hearts demand for oxygen
heart rate, contractility, systolic blood pressure
what is atherosclerosis
narrowed arteries, hard for blood to flow through
how can anginas and ischaemic heart disease be detected
ECG, elevated of troponin or muscle creatine kinase levels