vascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

function of endothelial cells

A

maintain blood flow, regulates changes between bloodstream and tissues
-secretes factors that control blood cell adhesion and controls tone of underlying smooth muscle

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2
Q

factors produced by endothelial cells and what each of them do

A

nitric oxide- inhibits plate adhesion, relaxes vascular smooth muscle
angiotensin II- vascular smooth muscle contraction
prostaglandin- inhibits plate adhesion, relaxes vascular smooth muscle
endothelin- vascular smooth muscle contraction

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3
Q

electrocardiogram

A

P wave- atrial depolarisation

PR interval- time between atrial and ventricle depolarisation

QRS complex- ventricular depolarisation

T wave- ventricular repolarisation

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4
Q

vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is regulated by

A

calcium ions

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5
Q

what is and how to calculate cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

measure of how much blood is pumped per unit time

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6
Q

what is hypertension and causes

A

increased systemic arterial pressure

genetics, race, age, lifestyle, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol

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7
Q

treatments for hypertension

A

-lifestyle changes
-diuretics
-calcium channel blockers
-ACE inhibitors
-sympathetic nervous regulators

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8
Q

what are arrhythmias and causes

A

abnormal heart rhythm, electrical dysfunction

defects in impulse formation- SA node automaticity interrupted/altered

defects in impulse conductions- blocked electrical conduction pathway

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9
Q

what is tachycardia and bradycardia

A

tachycardia= high bp, defibrillator

bradycardia= low bp, conduction blocked

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10
Q

arrhythmia treatments

A

-surgery, pacemakers, defibrillators
-sodium and calcium channel blockers
-anti-arrhythmatic agents

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11
Q

what is angina and causes

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

smoking, diet, atherosclerosis

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12
Q

what is an ischaemia

A

inadequate blood supply due to blocked blood flow

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13
Q

factors that increase the hearts demand for oxygen

A

heart rate, contractility, systolic blood pressure

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14
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

narrowed arteries, hard for blood to flow through

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15
Q

how can anginas and ischaemic heart disease be detected

A

ECG, elevated of troponin or muscle creatine kinase levels

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16
Q

causes of atherosclerosis

A

hypertension, smoking, age, gender, lifestyle, genetics

17
Q

treatments for angina and IHD

A

-lifestyle changes
-nitrates
-calcium channel blockers
-beta blockers
-statins

18
Q

treatments for myocardial infarction

A

bypass graft, angioplasty, aspirin, heparin to reduce thrombi formation

19
Q

function of vascular smooth muscle

A

contracts and regulates blood flow