Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular and haemotology > introduction to haematology > Flashcards

introduction to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

composition of blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

generation of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is haemostasis

A

control of clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragments found in bloodstream, has receptors to bind to factors that help clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is plasma

A

fluid part of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

amount of blood a person has depends on

A

size, concentration of ions, amount of adipose tissue, females usually have less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

another name for red blood cells

A

erthrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is hematocrit

A

percentage of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do blood cells do

A

transport oxygen around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

shape of red blood cells

A

biconcave shape, no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is haemoglobin and what are the 3 types and what they do

A

pigment in rbc

oxyhaemoglobin- carries oxygen, bright red

deoxyhaemoglobin- doesnt carry oxygen, darker red

carboxyhaemoglobin- carries carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what causes anemia

A

low rbc count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what regulates production of red blood cells

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

composition of granulocytes and their functions

A

neutrophils- destory bacteria, virus and toxins in bloodstream

eosinophils- gets rid of parasitic infections

basophils- controls inflammation and allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do basophils do

A

controls inflammation and allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

destroy bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do eosinophils do

A

get rid of parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

composition of agranulocytes and what they do

A

monocytes- destroy bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood

lymphocytes- provide immunity for the body (production of antibodies, cell killing etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do monocytes do

A

destroy bacteria, viruses and toxins that enter the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

provide immunity for the body like producing antibodies and killing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

granulocytes exist in the cytoplasm in forms of granules and have 4 lobes and agranulocytes have no granules and are single lobed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is caused when a patient has elevated wbc count

A

leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is caused when someone has low wbc count

A

leukopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is leukocytosis and what can cause it

A

elevated white blood cell count, due to infection

27
Q

what is leukopenia and what can cause it

A

low white blood cell count, due to viral infections

28
Q

another name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

29
Q

composition of plasma and some examples

A

water
proteins- albumin, globulin
fibrinogen- blood clotting
nutrients- amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, lipid
gas- oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
electrolytes
waste products

30
Q

what do the protein in blood plasma do

A

bind/transport hormones and drugs, involved in volume regulation

31
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

generation of blood cells from a common stem cell,

32
Q

where does haematopoiesis occur in adults and fetuses

A

bone marrow of adults
liver and spleen in fetus

33
Q

what regulates haematopoiesis

A

hormones and cytokines
-erythropoietin, granulocyte

34
Q

what is haemostasis

A

physiological control of bleeding

35
Q

why must an injured blood vessel clot

A

prevent blood loss and allow healing

36
Q

why must clot formation remain localised

A

prevent widespread clotting with intact vessels

37
Q

what are the stages of haemostasis

A

primary- platelet plug formation
secondary- clotting cascade

38
Q

what happens before primary haemostasis occurs

A

localised vasoconstriction

39
Q

process of haemostasis

A
  1. constriction of blood vessel (vasoconstriction)
  2. formation of temporary platelet plug
  3. clotting cascade
  4. formation of fibrin plug
40
Q

role of platelets in haemostasis

A

-adhere to exposed sub endothelial matric
-activation of platelets involve change in shape and releasing secretory granule contents
-secreted granule substance recruit other more platelets to adhere to site of injury

41
Q

what is platelet adhesion mediated by

A

vWF (von willebrand factor)- large protein secreted by activated platelets and injured endothelium and binds both to surface receptors on platelets and exposed collagen

platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI)- interacts with collagen in exposed vessel wall

42
Q

what is required for the initiation of primary haemostasis

A

GPIV and vWF and collagen interaction

43
Q

how are more platelets activated

A

activated platelets change shape and release granules to activate more platelets

44
Q

what regulates platelet recruitment and aggregation

A

the release of soluble platelet factors like ADP and thromboxane

ADP- makes platelets become sticky and adhere to each other
thromboxane- vasoconstrictor

45
Q

another name for secondary heamostasis

A

coagulation cascade

46
Q

what initiates coagulation cascade

A

tissue factor complexes with coagulation factors

47
Q

what is the result of coagulation cascade

A

activation of thrombin

48
Q

function of thrombin in haemostasis

A

-converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymer that forms matrix of the clot
-induces more platelet recruitment and activation

49
Q

mechanisms the endothelium around the injured area participates in to stop haemostasis

A

prostacyclin - blocks platelet aggregation and adhesion

heparin and antithrombin- inhibits thrombin

protein C and S- blocks activation factors in clotting cascade

tissue factor pathway inhibitor- blocks/limits tissue factor action

tissue type plasminogen activator- converts plasminogen to plasmin which brakes down fibrin

50
Q

what is hypercoagulability

A

increased tendency of blood to thrombose, abnormally heightened coagulation response to vascular injury

51
Q

causes of thrombosis

A

endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, hypercoagulability

52
Q

possible causes of endothelial injury

A

changes in shear stress associated with hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, elevated blood glucose, traumatic vascular injury

53
Q

what is thrombosis

A

local coagulation/clotting of blood, pathological extension of haemostasis

54
Q

what can cause hypercaogulability

A

genetic or acquired disorders

55
Q

name the 3 type of drugs that prevent/reverse thrombus formation and give examples

A

antiplatelet agents- ADP receptor inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, antagonists of GP

anticoagulants- warfarin, heparin

thrombolytic agents- streptokinase, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

56
Q

how are blood types differenciated

A

distinguished by the antigens on surface of red blood cells and antibodies in plasma

57
Q

what is agglutination and how does it work

A

clumping of red blood cells, antigens on rbc surface bind to antibodies in plasma

58
Q

why is it important to know blood type

A

transfusions

59
Q

name the 4 blood groups

A

A, B, AB, O

60
Q

precise grouping of blood type depends on

A

-presence/absence of 2 antigens (A or B on the surface)
-respective antibodies in the plasma (anti-A or anti-B)

different combinations of these give different groups

61
Q

why are transfusions done

A

patient suffered significant blood loss or has conditions like anaemia

62
Q

what happens to donated blood

A

its separated into red blood cells and plasma

63
Q
A

Cardiovascular and haemotology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions