vascular physiology

Question 1

function of endothelial cells

Answer 1

maintain blood flow, regulates changes between bloodstream and tissues
-secretes factors that control blood cell adhesion and controls tone of underlying smooth muscle

Question 2

factors produced by endothelial cells and what each of them do

Answer 2

nitric oxide- inhibits plate adhesion, relaxes vascular smooth muscle
angiotensin II- vascular smooth muscle contraction
prostaglandin- inhibits plate adhesion, relaxes vascular smooth muscle
endothelin- vascular smooth muscle contraction

Question 3

electrocardiogram

Answer 3

P wave- atrial depolarisation

PR interval- time between atrial and ventricle depolarisation

QRS complex- ventricular depolarisation

T wave- ventricular repolarisation

Question 4

vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is regulated by

Answer 4

calcium ions

Question 5

what is and how to calculate cardiac output

Answer 5

stroke volume x heart rate

measure of how much blood is pumped per unit time

Question 6

what is hypertension and causes

Answer 6

increased systemic arterial pressure

genetics, race, age, lifestyle, obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol

Question 7

treatments for hypertension

Answer 7

-lifestyle changes
-diuretics
-calcium channel blockers
-ACE inhibitors
-sympathetic nervous regulators

Question 8

what are arrhythmias and causes

Answer 8

abnormal heart rhythm, electrical dysfunction

defects in impulse formation- SA node automaticity interrupted/altered

defects in impulse conductions- blocked electrical conduction pathway

Question 9

what is tachycardia and bradycardia

Answer 9

tachycardia= high bp, defibrillator

bradycardia= low bp, conduction blocked

Question 10

arrhythmia treatments

Answer 10

-surgery, pacemakers, defibrillators
-sodium and calcium channel blockers
-anti-arrhythmatic agents

Question 11

what is angina and causes

Answer 11

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

smoking, diet, atherosclerosis

Question 12

what is an ischaemia

Answer 12

inadequate blood supply due to blocked blood flow

Question 13

factors that increase the hearts demand for oxygen

Answer 13

heart rate, contractility, systolic blood pressure

Question 14

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 14

narrowed arteries, hard for blood to flow through

Question 15

how can anginas and ischaemic heart disease be detected

Answer 15

ECG, elevated of troponin or muscle creatine kinase levels

Question 16

causes of atherosclerosis

Answer 16

hypertension, smoking, age, gender, lifestyle, genetics

Question 17

treatments for angina and IHD

Answer 17

-lifestyle changes
-nitrates
-calcium channel blockers
-beta blockers
-statins

Question 18

treatments for myocardial infarction

Answer 18

bypass graft, angioplasty, aspirin, heparin to reduce thrombi formation

Question 19

function of vascular smooth muscle

Answer 19

contracts and regulates blood flow