cell structure

Question 1

why is it important to learn about cell structure

Answer 1

disease/ treatments act here, drug development, personalised medicine/diagnosis/screenings

Question 2

what are diseases

Answer 2

result of alterations of regulation/structures of molecules

Question 3

describe what cells are in general terms

Answer 3

highly organised basic units of life

Question 4

what is classification of cells based on and name the 3 classifications

Answer 4

the presence of membrane around genetic material
-eukaryotes: defined nuclear structure
-prokaryotes: not defined
-virus: require host cell to replicate

Question 5

function of the cytoplasm

Answer 5

semi-solid fluid, all contents outside nucleus, site of metabolic reactions

Question 6

function of the cytosol

Answer 6

water bit of the cytoplasm

Question 7

function of the nucleus

Answer 7

contains enzymes/proteins for DNA regulation, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope (double membrane), nuclear pores in the envelope for passage of small molecules, nuclear laminar (network of proteins for structural integrity)

Question 8

what is nuclear laminar

Answer 8

network of proteins in the nucleus for structural integrity

Question 9

structures of nucleus

Answer 9

nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin material

Question 10

structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

make proteins, network of flattened sacs/tubules of membrane, posttranslational modification on proteins
rough ER- ribosomes attached, protein synthesis, near nucleus
smooth ER- no ribosomes, further away

Question 11

function and structure of the golgi apparatus/complex

Answer 11

transports/sorts/processes proteins/lipids, stacks of flat smooth membrane/sacs/vesicles
cis- receives protein/lipid from ER
stack- processes them
trans- delivery of proteins

Question 12

function of mitochondria

Answer 12

main energy/ATP supply, double membrane that contains enzymes from ETC/krebs cycle/ oxidation, own genetic material, inherited from mother, contains extrachromosomal DNA

Question 13

function of lysosomes

Answer 13

breakdown harmful material using lysozymes, acidic environments, involved in phagocytosis

Question 14

function of peroxixomes

Answer 14

does reduction and oxidation reactions

Question 15

function of ribosomes

Answer 15

protein synthesis (translation), eukaryotes have 80s and prokaryotes have 70s, rRNA fold to make 3D ribosomal structure

Question 16

function and structure of cytoskeleton

Answer 16

internal scaffolding and cell structure, composed of filamentous protein, micro/intermediate filaments and microtubules

Question 17

function of cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 17

phospholipid bilayer, regulates movement in and out cell

Question 18

where does ATP synthesis occur in bacteria

Answer 18

cytoplasmic membrane

Question 19

where is extra chromosomal DNA stored

Answer 19

mitochondria

Question 20

where is rRNA stored

Answer 20

nucleus

Question 21

difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 21

eukaryotes- membrane bound DNA, nuclear pores, diploid (2 copies of chromosomes), larger genome, 80s ribosomes, no cell wall sometimes, distinct cytoskeleton, membrane bound vesicles carry out specific roles (mitochondria, ER, golgi)

prokaryotes- not membrane bound, haploid (singular circular chromosome), smaller genome, extra DNA for antibiotic resistance, less membrane bound organelles, main respiration site is ETC, 70s ribosome, cell wall, less cytoskeleton

Question 22

anatomy of a virus

Answer 22

capsid- protects viral genome
capsomer- protects genome material and holds enzymes
attachment proteins

Question 23

difference between a naked and enveloped virus

Answer 23

naked- only capsid
enveloped- capsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer (envelope) from host cell which holds viral proteins

Question 24

what is a virus

Answer 24

microorganism, needs to host cell to live/replicate, highly adaptable, infects cell and replicates using host cell, simple genome, lots of variation, reverse transcription (making DNA from RNA) is how they replicate

Question 25

give an example of a naked virus

Answer 25

hepatitis A, polio

Question 26

give an example of a enveloped virus

Answer 26

corona virus, influenza, HIV