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Cardiovascular and haemotology > overview of cardiovascular system > Flashcards

overview of cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

heart- pump
blood vessels- distribution
blood- higher pressure means faster delivery of nutrients
double circulation- blood passes through heart twice
-pulmonary=
oxygenation/removing CO2
-systemic= distribution, gas exchange, waste removal

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2
Q

why is it called a closed circulatory system

A

blood remains in vessels, doesnt come in direct contact with tissues

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3
Q

how does blood respond to change andchange direction

A

constriction or dilation of vessels

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4
Q

why is pulmonary circulation at lower pressure than systemic circulation

A

ensure effective gas exchange and not damage pulmonary capillaries

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5
Q

what does pulmonary and systemic circulation do

A

pulmonary- oxygenation, CO2 removal

systemic- distribution, gas exchange, waste removal

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6
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

blood pressure decreases further away from heart due to friction with blood vessel walls

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7
Q

why do arteries have muscular walls

A

to maintain and regulate blood flow

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8
Q

describe veins in carrying blood

A

carries blood at lowest pressure, has valves to prevent back flow

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9
Q

components of the heart

A

pericardium- fibrous and serous layers
epicardium
myocardium- myocytes
chambers
valves
aorta, vena cava, pulmonary vein/artery

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10
Q

what is the epicardium

A

layer of endothelial cells covering the surface of the heart

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11
Q

what valves are present in the heart

A

atrioventricular (separate atrium and ventricle)- tricuspid and bicuspid

semilunar

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12
Q

what is the heart muscle made of

A

cardiomyocytes or myocardial fibres

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13
Q

what are fibres formed from and why

A

individual cells joined end to end by specialised junctions (intercalated discs), ensure tight interactions and mediate electrical coupling

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14
Q

what is contraction dependent on

A

calcium signalling

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15
Q

what is a sarcomere and describe its structure

A

sarcomere= unit of muscle that contracts

thick filament- myosin
thin filament- actin

A band- length of myosin
I band- section with only thin filament
H band- zone of only thick filament, no actin

M line- middle of sarcomere
Z line- end of each sarcomere

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16
Q

what is the cardiac pacemaker and what does it do

A

sinoatrial node

-intrinsic waves of excitation spread from SA node to AV node to myocytes to bundle of HIS and purkinje fibres

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17
Q

what controls sinoatrial activity

A

autonomic nervous system signals

18
Q

what makes up the nervous system

A

central and peripheral

19
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system divide into

A

somatic- control of skeletal muscles, conscious

autonomic- involuntary, organ function

20
Q

what does the autonomic system divide into

A

sympathetic- increases heart rate, fight or flight, noradrenaline and adreno receptors

parasympathetic- decreases heart rate, rest and digest, acetylcholine and muscarinic receptors

21
Q

what is systole and diastole

A

systole- contraction of heart muscle

diastole- relaxation

22
Q

cardiac cycle

A

ventricular filling- AV valves open, then atrial systole

ventricular systole- increased ventricular pressure closes AV valve, ventricle contract and opens semi lunar valves

23
Q

what is action potential generated by and how is it monitored

A

generated by contractions of myocytes

detected by ECG (electrocardiogram)

24
Q

how to read a ECG trace

A

P wave- SA node depolarisation
QRS complex- ventricular depolarisation
T wave- ventricular repolarisation

25
Q

what do all blood vessels have and what is its function

A

inner lumen lined with single layer of endothelial cells that regulate interactions with blood and movement of cells in/out of circulation

26
Q

structure of arteries and veins and how they differ

A

same structures but different amount and organisation

endothelium (tunica intima)
smooth muscle and elastin (tunica media)
connective tissue/nerve fibres- tunica adventitia

27
Q

structure/features of capillaries

A

-found at terminal ends of arterioles connecting with venules to forma capillary bed
-tubes of endothelium and pericytes distributed around them
-continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

28
Q

what are pericytes

A

contractile muscle like cells

29
Q

name and explain the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous- cells joined by tight interactions

fenestrated- small gaps/pores interrupting tight interactions

sinusoidal- larger gaps between cells

30
Q

structure/features of veins

A

-large veins have thick intima and adventitia and thin media, contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle

-smaller veins have thin adventitia and media, multiple layers of muscle, valves

-flexible and contain most of the bodies blood volume

-unidirectional flow by valves and compression of neighbouring tissues

31
Q

what are venules

A

smallest vein and receives blood from capillary

32
Q

structure/features of different sized arteries

A

-large arteries have lots of elastin to help vessels recoil with high pressure

-muscular arteries have layers of smooth muscle with some elastin

-arterioles have little smooth muscle

-smaller muscular arteries have the highest wall:lumen ratio, contribute to vascular resistance

33
Q

what is an arrhythmias

A

abnormalities in heart rate/rhythm

-linked to abnormal control of excitation/depolarisation often, cardiac arrest

34
Q

what is hpertension

A

elevated resting blood pressure
-damages blood vessels and leads to other conditions

35
Q

what is myocardial ischaemia

A

reduced flow of blood in coronary arteries
-blocked arteries, heart attacks

36
Q

what is heart failure

A

heart unable to produce/maintain enough output to satisfy organs/tissue

37
Q

hypertension treatments

A

lifestyle changes
diuretics- reduce blood volume
calcium channel blockers- reduce heart rate/vasoconstriction/stroke volume
ACE inhibitors
sympathetic nervous regulators

38
Q

treatments for angina and ischaemic heart disease

A

lifestyle changes
nitrates- release NO into smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels
beta blockers- decrease heart rate and cardiac output
calcium channel blockers- decrease heart rate and reduce vascular resistance
statins- reduce cholesterol

39
Q

treatments for myocardial ischaemia

A

surgery- bypass graft, angioplasty
aspirin, heparin- reduce formation of thrombi/break up thrombus

40
Q

what is thrombus

A

blood clot

41
Q

what is myocardial ischaemia

A

when blood flow through coronary arteries is decreased, can develop as arteries become blocked

42
Q

what is an angioplasty

A

procedure to widen blocked/narrowed coronary arteries

Cardiovascular and haemotology (11 decks)

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