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AFNS 416 > 2 - History of One Health > Flashcards

2 - History of One Health Flashcards

1
Q

What did Hippocrates do

A

Urged physicians to consider where their patients lived, the foods they ate and waters they drank, their lifestyles, and the seasons of the year

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2
Q

What did Aristotle do

A

Comparative medicine: animal anatomy, pathology of animal diseases

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3
Q

Who was Galen? What did he do

A

Considered most famous doctor in Roman Empire (court physician in Rome)

Emphasized comparative anatomy (dissected animals to understand how body functions)

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4
Q

What did Pieree Belon do

A

Comparisons of the skeletons of birds and humans
= beginnings of modern comparative anatomy

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5
Q

Who was Giovanni Maria Lancisi

A

Physician to 3 popes
Expert on heart disease
Role of environment in spread of disease

Malaria:
- proposed mosquitoes as vectors
- connection of stagnant water/mosquitoes & disease
- recommended draining swamps and use of protection against mosquitoes to prevent malaria

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6
Q

Who was Claude Bourgelat

A

Comparative pathology (pioneer in comparative medicine)
Anatomy and pathology of horses
Founder of first veterinary college
Studied Rinderpest (cattle plague)

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7
Q

What was smallpox variolation? Where was it developed

A

Developed in Asia
Deliberate infection with smallpox in low doses
Survivors were resistant to smallpox infection

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8
Q

Methods of smallpox variolation

A

Inhalation of dried smallpox scabs in Asia
Skin puncture in Europe and America

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9
Q

Why was variolation used

A

There was 1-2% fatalities, but 30% fatality if not “vaccinated” and naturally exposed to smallpox

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10
Q

Who was John Fewster? What did he notice?

A

Country surgeon
Practiced variolation

Noticed some patients did not respond to smallpox inoculation (no reddening of site)

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11
Q

What did John Fewster determine about patients who did not respond to inoculation?

A

They had previously been infected with cow pox (similar virus)

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12
Q

Who was Edward Jenner

A

Country physician
Studied heart issues, nested cuckoo, angina pectoris

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13
Q

What did Edward Jenner do with regards to smallpox

A

Inoculation with bovine virus (cow pox) (not much of a response) led to immunization against smallpox

Inoculated a young boy with the dairymaids cow pox infection, then exposed him to smallpox… no infection

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14
Q

When was smallpox eradicated

A

Through vaccination in 1980

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15
Q

What diseases have been eradicated worldwide

A

Smallpox and rinderpest

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16
Q

Who was John Snow

A

Father of modern epidemiology
Cholera
Expert on anesthetics (administered chloroform to Queen Victoria at birth of 8th & 9th children)

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17
Q

How many cholera cases per year? Deaths? What are the symptoms? Source of infection?

A

2.9 million cases/year
95,000 deaths/year

Severe = watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps, death within hours without treatment

Contaminated water or food sources from a person infected with cholera
Human to human transmission

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18
Q

What kind of infection is cholera? By what?

How is it treated? Prevented?

A

Acute intestinal infection caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera

Treat by rehydrating with clean water
Prevent by improving sanitation and access to clean water

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19
Q

What is a pandemic? E.g.

A

Infectious disease epidemic that has spread through a large region (continents or worldwide)
- smallpox, tuberculosis, flu, HIV, cholera, COVID19

20
Q

How many cholera pandemics documented? Causing how many deaths? Most recent pandemic?

A

Seven
~40 million deaths (most in 1800s)

Most recent in 1961-1975: Indonesia, India, Soviet Union

21
Q

What happened in London in 1854?

A

1854 Broad Street Cholera Outbreak
600 deaths in first week

22
Q

Why was there a cholera outbreak in London in 1854

A

No sanitation in many areas
Human/animal waste dumped into River Thames (city water supply source)

23
Q

What did John Snow do in London 1854

A

Visited house to house to collect info (symptoms, water supply)
Created dot map to define clusters of deaths
87% of cases clustered around the Broad Street community pump
Pump handle removed sept 8, 1854

24
Q

How did John Snow demonstrate one health practices?

A
  • demonstrated basics of public health/epidemiology
  • obtained/employed info about person, place and time to identify source of infection
  • considered the 1st major epidemiological study
25
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur

A

Demonstrated germ theory
Fermentation caused by micro-organisms
Developed rabies and anthrax vaccines

26
Q

Who was Robert Koch

A

Identified tuberculosis bacterium
Koch’s postulates for causal relationship between microbe and disease

27
Q

What were Koch’s postulates

A
  • microorganism must be found in organisms suffering from disease, not in healthy organisms
  • microorg must be isolate from diseased org and grown in pure culture
  • cultured microorg should cause disease when introduced to healthy org
  • microorg must be re-isolated from experimental host and be identical to original culture
28
Q

Rudolf Virchow cell theories

A

Launched field of cellular pathology: “every cell stems from another cell”
Groups of cells get sick
Fought Pasteur’s germ theory (disease caused by breakdown of order within cells; not foreign organism)

29
Q

Who was Rudolf Virchow

A

Coined the term “zoonosis”
Developed concept of “One Medicine”
Linked human and vet med

30
Q

Who was William Osler

A

Born in Ontario
Student of Virchow
Co-founder of John Hopkins Medical School
Professor at McGill Faculty of Modern Medicine
Bring medical students out of lecture hall into hospital
Residency program

31
Q

Who was James H Steele

A

“Father” of Veterinary Public Health
DVM
Established Vet Public Health Program
Emphasized need to study zoonotic diseases (Rabies, brucellosis)

32
Q

Who was Calvin Schwabe

A

Promoted and re-established concept of “One Medicine”
Veterinary epidemiologist

33
Q

What is Kuru? Symptoms?

A

Laughing Death
Fatal prion disease from Papua New Guinea
Takes years/decades for symptoms to develop
Incoordination, tremors, muscle spasms, demention, spontaneous laughter

34
Q

Who had Kuru? Population?

A

Fore people
40,000

35
Q

Who was suffering from kuru? When was the disease onset? Clinical duration? How many deaths

A

Affected women and children
Disease onset 5-60 years (average clinical duration 12 months)

~1,000 deaths

36
Q

Who was William Hadlow

A

DVM
USDA Employee
interest in Scrapie, sent to England to study it, learnt about Kuru by chance

37
Q

What is scrapie? When was it found in canada

A

prion disease of sheep and goats

1938

38
Q

What did William Hadlow see at the Wellcome Medical Museum in London?

A

Spongiform degeneration of brain tissue due to prion disease (similar to scrapie)

39
Q

What did Carleton Gajdusek do

A

Medical researcher in New Guinea 1950s
1st medical description of Kuru
Hypothesized that ritualistic cannibalism caused kuru
Tested Hadlow hypothesis of infecting primate with brain tissue of infected individual

40
Q

What is Q fever

A

Query fever
Zoonotic disease
Bacteria (Coxiella burnetti) = gram negative

41
Q

Reservoirs of Q fever

A

Cattle, sheep, goats
Reports in dogs, cats, rabbits

42
Q

Acute vs chronic Q fever infection

A

Acute = most common, “flu-like” symptoms (headache, fever, chills), 20 day incubation period

Chronic = <5% patients, infection reoccurs years later, potential for heart, liver, brain and lung damage. Risk factor is being immunocompromised

43
Q

Treatment for acute vs chronic Q fever

A

Acute = treat with antibiotics (Doxycycline)

Chronic = treat with antibiotics for several months

44
Q

What risk factors are associated with Q fever in humans

A
  • Occupational (vet med, meat processing, livestock farming, research)
  • Location (living on/near a farm)
  • Time of year (spring = birthing)
45
Q

What was found about the Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands

A

Collaboration between human and veterinarian healthcare systems could have allowed detecting the onset of the outbreak 2 years earlier, as soon as 2005

AFNS 416 (22 decks)

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