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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Scientific study of drugs (scientific=research based evidence)

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2
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

scientific study of the effects of drugs on behavior

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3
Q

neuropharmacology

A

scientific study of effects of drugs on the brain (the link to understand whyyyy we behave the way we do when exposed to various drugs)

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4
Q

neuropsychopharmacology

A

scientific study of the effects of drugs on behavior through action on the brain

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5
Q

What is a drug?

A
  • A chemical entity or mixture of chemicals that is introduced to the body
  • Not required for the maintenance of health (unique, outside, foreign chemical)
  • Alters biological function or structure (can create changes in the way the body and brain work)
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6
Q

What is a psychoactive drug?

A
  • A drug that affects mood, cognition, and/or behavior (most drugs are classified as psychoactive)
  • This is an umbrella term that can be broken into various groups
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7
Q

Why do people use drugs?

A
  • Religious practices
  • Alter moods/state
  • Stimulation (relieve boredom)
  • Social interaction
  • Self-medicate
  • Pleasure

Drug misuse has been around foreverrrrr

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8
Q

Oldest records of drug use

Hashish and Cocaine?

A
  • Hashish (opium) and cocaine were used in the Stone Ages!!!
  • Used to alter states of consciousness (religious) and to prepare for battle
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9
Q

Oldest records of drug use

Alcohol

A
  • -6400 BC
  • Accidental fermentation
  • Grape wine did not appear untiil 300-400 BC
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10
Q

Oldest records of drug use

Opium Poppy

A

-5000 BC in Asia Minor
-Used as a “joy plant”

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11
Q

Oldest records of drug use

Cannabis sativa (weed)

A
  • 2700 BC in China
  • Used to treat gout and “absentmindedness”
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12
Q

Oldest records of drug use

Coca leaves (source of cocaine)

A
  • -2500 BC
  • Evidence of chewed coca leaves found in Indian burial sites in Central and South America
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13
Q

Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory

Columbus and pilgrims

A
  • Columbus learned about peyote and tobacco
  • Pilgrims introduced alcohol to the Native Americans
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14
Q

Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory

19th century patent medicines

A
  • Drugs available in grocery stores and mail ordered (some combo of drugs bought and used to treat whatever)
  • Included opium, morphine, marijuana, heroin, and cocaine (knowledge of psychoactive effects but no understanding of the chemistry/biology behind it)
  • Opium mixed with alcohol was often given to crying babies, called laudanum
  • Addiction occured but there was no knowledge of what that meant or why it happened
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15
Q

What was laudanum?

A

Mix of opium and alcohol given to crying babies

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16
Q

Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory

19th century Morphine

A
  • Morphine is the active ingredient from opium poppy and was isolated in 1806
  • Named after Morpheus the god of sleep and dreams due to its effects
  • Widely used during and after the Civil War, there was an especially huge rise after
  • Morphine was drinkable as a syrup or as an injectable version after the invention of the hypodermic needle in the 1840s
  • Evidence of addiction but called “soldier’s disease”
17
Q

Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory

Marijuana 19th century

A
  • liquid extract prescribed as a general all-purpose medication
  • nonmedical use rose in the 1920s and again in the 60s
  • currently on the rise due to legalization
18
Q

Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory

Cocaine- 19th century

A
  • Often added to “tonics” and patent medicines in the late 1800s and early 1900s
  • Considered a controlled substance in 1914
  • Popularity and purity rose in the 1960s with increased trafficking (there was more knowledge on how to better purify it)
19
Q

Synthetics in the US

Amphetamines

A
  • Treatment for depression in the 1930s and given to soldiers in WW2 for alertness
  • Also prescribed for weight control in the 60s and 70s but fell out of favor due to the other side effects
20
Q

Synthetics in the US

Heroin

A
  • Synthesized in the late 1890s
  • Used by soldiers during the Vietnam War to treat pains
  • Also advertised and sold as “the sedative for coughs”
  • Popularity and purity has increased as part of the opium epidemic
21
Q

Synthetics in the US

Inhalants

A

Solvents like gasoline, glue, paint, and aerosols

22
Q

Synthetics in the US

“Club Drugs”

A
  • MDMA, GHB, Ketamine, Rohypnol, LSD
  • Popular in parties, raves, to enhance lights and sounds
  • Popular in 90s and early 2000s
23
Q

Penalizing drug use around the world

A
  • Egyptian priests degraded alcohol users
  • 17th century prince in England paid money for people to denounce coffee drinkers (attempted to control and reduce the use)
  • Russian Tzar executed those found with tobacco
24
Q

1736 Gin Act

A
  • In England alcohol was made too expensive for the poor to buy
25
Q

Opium Wars

A
  • 1839 and 1856
  • British imported opium from India to China and this helped to drive high addiction rates in China
  • China did not want the drug being brought in but Britain won the 1st war and was granted rights to a port in Hong Kong (Treaty of Nanking) which ended in 1997
  • The 2nd War led to heavy taxation of opium import (Treaty of Tientsin)
26
Q

US War on Drugs

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

A
  • Accurate labeling of quantities of drugs (opium, morphine, heroin, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) for the first time
  • Also tried to ban foreign and interstate traffic of adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products
  • Intention was to help dissuade new addicts but the act had no real impact on drug use or addiction
  • Brought about the idea that labels may bring people to rhink more about what they are putting into their bodies
  • Products were still falsely advertising therapeutic claims though
  • So, the Shirley Amemndement Act of 1912 was created and paved the way for the FDA
27
Q

What was the Shirley Amendment Act of 1912?

A
  • Prohibited labeling medicines with false therapeutic claims intended to defraud the purchaser
  • Paved the way for the Food and Drug Administration
28
Q

US War on Drugs

Harrison Narcotic Act (1914)

A
  • Put in place to try to control the selling of narcotics (drugs that include the opiods)
  • Licensing was now required to prescribe and market narcotics (mainly opium and morphine), was not meant to be punitive… incorrectly included cocaine as a narcotic
  • Was a consequence of the US signing the Hague Convention of 1912 (an international agreement to regulate opium trafficking)
  • Regulation did not mean prohibition, just paid more attention to who was using, etc.
  • Did not decrease drug use, drug use just shifted to other opiods especially heroin which was less regulated and easily available in the black market
29
Q

US War on Drugs

Alcohol Prohibition

A
  • 1920, 18th amendment
  • Prohibited the production, sale, transportation, and importing of alcohol in the US
  • Defined intoxicating beverage as >.05% alcohol (current non-alcoholic beers)
  • Did not prohibit consumption of alcoholic beverages kept at home
  • Repealed in 1933 under the 21st amendment
30
Q

US War on Drugs

Benefits of Alcohol Prohibition (what decreased)

A
  • Per capita alcohol use
  • Alcohol-related liver cirrhosis
  • Alcohol use disorders
  • Accidents due to alcohol
31
Q

US War on Drugs

Federal bureau of Narcotics

A
  • Established in 1930
  • Later named the DEA-1973
  • Mission to eradicate weed use
  • Harry Anslinger’s 1st commissioner for the Bureau used “race-card” to convince Congress in 1937 to pass Marijuana Tax Act
32
Q

US War on Drugs

Controlled Substances Act (1970)

A
  • Established drug classifications
  • Beginning of law enforcement on drugs
  • Rose significantly in the 1980s with the anti-drug act to try and stop the use and trafficking of a variety of drugs

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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