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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Steroids and Hormones > Flashcards

Steroids and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A
  • A substance that is released from one type of cell and exerts its’ influence on another type of cell
  • Releasable into the blood stream
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2
Q

What must a hormone do to be considered a hormone?

A

travel some distance to the target site (is a messenger)

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3
Q

What hormone(s) does the hypothalamus release?

A

gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnFR) hormone

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4
Q

What hormone(s) does the pituitary gland release?

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • lutenizing hormone (LH)
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5
Q

What do the ovaries release?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

What does HPG (axis) stand for?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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7
Q

In which order do the phases of the menstrual cycle occr?

A

Follicular, Ovulation, Luteal, Menstruation

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8
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

monthly cycle around 28 days

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9
Q

What happens to hormones during the follicular phase?

A

estrogen levels peak

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10
Q

What happens to hormones during the ovulation phase?

A

estrogen decreases

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11
Q

What happens to hormones during the luteal phase?

A

high progesterone

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12
Q

What happens to hormones during menstruation?

A

estrogen and progesterone low

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13
Q

What does taking birth control (contraceptives) do to the menstrual cycle?

A

changes hormonal fluctuations

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14
Q

What were oral contraceptives from the 60s like?

A
  • Excessive amounts of estrogen (100-150mg) and progestin
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15
Q

What is progestin?

A

synthetic progesterone

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16
Q

What happened in the 90s with oral contraceptives?

A
  • the optimal balance was acheived (30-35 mg)
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17
Q

What is the optimal amount of estrogen in an oral contraceptive?

A

30-35 mg

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18
Q

How do oral contraceptives work?

A
  • fixed combos of estrogen and progesterone
  • blocks release of FSH and LH
  • no ovulation
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19
Q

What is in oral contraceptives to block the release of FSH?

A

estrogen

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20
Q

What is in oral contraceptives to block the release of LH?

A

progesterone

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21
Q

What is in multiphasic oral contraceptives?

A

constanct amount of estrogen with variable amounts of progesterone

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22
Q

What is unique about multiphasic birth control?

A

reduces total hormone content

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23
Q

What is one of the most commonly prescribed prescription pills?

A

birth control

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24
Q

What percent of high school students report using birth control pills at most recent intercourse?

A

around 20% (slightly more women than men)

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25
Q

What is contraception?

A

act of preventing pregnancy

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26
Q

Other types of contraception

Mini pills

A
  • constant p amount
  • thickens cervix mucus
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27
Q

Other types of contraception

Seasonale

A
  • estrogen and progesterone
  • taken consistently for 3 months followed by one week of inactive pills
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28
Q

Other types of contraception

Lybrel

A
  • Estrogen and Progesterone
  • low dose combo pill
  • taken 365 days a year
29
Q

What types of contraception are slow-release, long-lasting combo of synthetic hormones?

A
  • injections
  • birth control patch
  • vaginal ring
  • Intrauterine device
30
Q

What are depo-provera and lunell?

A

contraceptive injections

31
Q

What are ortho evera and xulane?

A

birth control patch

32
Q

What kind of contraceptive are injections, birth control patch, vaginal ring, and intraceptive device?

A

slow-release, long lasting combo of hormones (synthetic)

33
Q

When is it Plan B taken?

A

immediatley after unprotected sex

over the counter!

34
Q

What is in plan b, and what does that do?

A
  • high dose progestin
  • prevents ovulation, fertilization, or implantation
35
Q

Plan B will terminate an existing pregnancy T/F

A
  • False
  • but could be harmful to fetus
36
Q

What is Mifepritone (RU-486)?

A

morning after pill

37
Q

What is Mifepristone (RU-486) (compound)?

A

progesteron antagonist

38
Q

When is Mifepristone best used?

A
  • best used before fertilized egg attaches to uterus
  • can also detach trophoblastic tissue up to 49 days after fetilization
39
Q

Up to how many days can mifeprstone detach trophoblastic tissue?

A

49 days after fertilization

40
Q

What is normally given with Mifepristone? Why?

A
  • prostaglandin
  • helps with contractions
41
Q

What are the side effects with taking low doses of contraceptives?

A
  • Resemble those of early pregnancy
  • nausea
  • headaches/dizziness
  • breast discomfort
  • weight gain
  • depression and mood swings
42
Q

What are the side effects of taking high dose contraceptives?

A
  • cardiovascular risks
  • cancer risks
  • diabetes
  • adverse effects on fetus
43
Q

What is the caveat with depression/mood swings as a side effect of low dose contraceptives?

A

mood swings associated with natural cycles can be improved by oral contraceptive use

44
Q

What are steroids?

A

group of compounds related to the “male” sex hormone testosterone

45
Q

What are the medical uses of steroids?

A

delayed puberty, burn, or wasting victims

46
Q

Why are steroids misused?

A

they enhance athletic performance and increase muscle mass

47
Q

What happened in the 1960s regarding steroids?

A

steroid use was rampant and semi-accepted in the sports world

48
Q

What happened in the 1970s regarding steroids?

A

50-90% of football players were on steroids

49
Q

What happened in the 1980s regarding steroids?

A

olympic testing for steroids

50
Q

What happened in the 90s regarding steroids?

A

anabolic steroid act: made steroids a schedule 3 drug

51
Q

What happened in the 2000s regarding steroids?

A
  • BALCO (Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative), biggest doping scandal in sports history
  • likely in most sports, but MLB brought it to the public eye

Also lance armstrong (cyclist) caught doping

52
Q

How are steroids administered?

A
  • oral, absorbed in intestine
  • intramuscular injection
53
Q

How are steroids distibuted?

A
  • rapidly distributed in the blood
  • stored in fat
54
Q

How are steroids metabolized?

A

rapidly in the liver

55
Q

metabolism

What are steroids most active metabolite?

A

androstenedione (precursor to testosterone)

also metabolize to estrogen

56
Q

What excretes steroids? How long are they detectable for?

A
  • kidney excretes steroids
  • detectable 4-14 days or up to 1 year
57
Q

What parts of the body experience side effects from steroids?

A
  • Liver
  • Cardiovascular system
  • reproductive systems
58
Q

Side effects

What do steroids do to the liver?

A

tumors and hepatitis from shared needle use

59
Q

What are the side effects of steroids on the cardiovascular system?

A

increased low density cholesterol… leads to high BP, heart attack, stroke

60
Q

What are the side effects of steroids on the female reproductive system?

A

loss of period and breast reduction

61
Q

What are the side effects of steroids on the male reproductive system?

A

testicular shrinkage, reduced sperm count, breast growth

62
Q

What are steroids mechanism of action?

A
  • Once in the blood it passes through cell walls and attaches to the steroid (androgen) receptor inside cells
  • Has genomic actions, alters the expressions of particular genes
63
Q

How long does it take to experience the psychological effects of steroids?

A

delayed onset of action, days-weeks

64
Q

How do steroids affect mood?

A

euphoria, irritability, aggression, depression (withdrawal from chronic use)

65
Q

Other than mood changes, what are the psychological effects of steroids?

A
  • sleep problems
  • loss of appetite
  • reduced sexual desire
  • some evidence of tolerance; psychological reinforcement may be culprit
66
Q

How do hormones affect mood?

A
  • can enhance mood
  • too little=depression
  • too much=anxiety/aggitation
67
Q

How do hormones affect cognition?

A

hormones may enhance some cognition (working memory, spatial) and impair other forms of learning

68
Q

What are hormones and steroids that have effects on the brain?

A
  • neurohormones
  • neurosteroids
69
Q

What can neurohormones/neurosteroids do?

A
  • modulate/alter the function of various receptors as PAMs
  • includes: GABA, Glutamate, Acetylcholine, and serotonin

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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