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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Chapter 21- Alcohol > Flashcards

Chapter 21- Alcohol Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

History

Alcohol has a strong association with what?

A
  • Human society: “fermentation is said to have developed in parallel with civilization”
  • Speculation that human alcohol use is linked evolutionarily to a preference for fermenting fruit: presence of ethanol signals fruit is ripe but not yet rotten
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2
Q

History

Why is there speculation that human alcohol use is linked evolutionarily to a preference for fermenting fruit?

A

The presence of ethanol signals that fruit is ripe but not yet rotten

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3
Q

History

When and where did the earliest records of distilled spirits appear?

A
  • In China around 1000 BC
  • Alchemists were captivated by the invisible “spirit”
  • Remedy for almost all diseases
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4
Q

History

What is whiskey derived from? What does is mean?

A
  • Whiskey is derived from usquebaugh
  • Gaelic for “water of life”
  • became a major ingredient of many tonics and elixirs
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5
Q

Types

What is Methyl?

A
  • Wood alcohol
  • produced synthetically
  • used as antifreeze and fuel
  • CH4OH
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6
Q

Types

What is ethyl?

A
  • grain alcohol
  • produced by fermentation
  • C2H5OH
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7
Q

Types

What is isopropyl?

A
  • Rubbing alcohol
  • C3H8O
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8
Q

How do you make ethyl alcohol?

A
  1. Fermentation: organic material w sugar content. Yeast (from the air) consumes the sugar.
  2. Distillation: fermented beverage is heated to a vapor, which is then cooled.
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9
Q

Fermentation reaction

A

1 molecule of sugar consumed –> 2 molecules of alcohol +2 molecules of CO2

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10
Q

What is the purpose of distilling fermented beverages?

A

It becomes more concentrated

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11
Q

How has consumption changed across history?

A
  • The average American drinker in the 1800s consumed 4-5 drinks per day
  • Now, 3-4 standard drinks per week
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12
Q

2022 NSDUH graph

Who consumes the most alcohol in the US?

A

highest consumption in college age

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13
Q

2022NSDUH graph

What percent of Americans (12 and older) drank in the past month?

A

48.7%

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14
Q

2022 NSDUH graph

Which percent of Americans binge drank in the past month?

A

21.7%

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15
Q

What is considered binge drinking?

A

4-5 or more drinks on an occasion

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16
Q

2022 NSDUH graph

What percent of Americans engaged in heavy drinking in the past month? What is considered heavy drinking?

A
  • 5.7%
  • Considered 5 or more drinks on an occasion on 5 or more occasions per month
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17
Q

2022 NSDUH graph

What is happening with male and female drinking rates?

A
  • They are converging
  • Lifetime drinking in 12+: males-79.7%, females-77.3%
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18
Q

Alc content of beer (% alc and proof)

A
  • 4-6% alcohol
  • 8-12 proof
19
Q

Alc content of wine (% alc and proof)

A
  • 7-15% alc
  • 14-30 proof
20
Q

Alc content of spirits (% alc and proof)

A
  • 40-95% alc
  • 80-190 proof
21
Q

Around how much ethyl alcohol in a serving of alcohol?

A

.45-.5 ounces per serving

22
Q

standard drink size: beer or cooler

A

12 oz

23
Q

standard drink size: malt liquor

A

8-9 oz

24
Q

standard drink size: table wine

A

5 oz

25
Q

standard drink size: fortified wine (sherry or port)

A

3-4 oz

26
Q

standard drink size> cordial, liquer, or apertif

A

2-3 oz

27
Q

standard drink size: brandy or spirits

A

1.5 oz

28
Q

What is the economic burden of alcohol (amount of money and why?)

A
  • medical and social impacts
  • leads to >$200B per year
29
Q

How many people die of alcohol use per year?

A

100,000 deaths/year

30
Q

How many people meet criteria for alc use disorder?

A

around 15.1 million (1:20)

31
Q

Some issues with alc use disorder treatment are…

A
  • diagnosis and treatment often delayed unil disease is advanced
  • complicated by social and health issues making it difficult to treat
  • Has both genetic and environmental influences
  • Stigmas and moral failures impede recognition and treatment of alcohol problems
32
Q

What is difference about the physiological effects of alcohol from other drugs?

A
  • large amounts are required for physiological effects
  • consumption is more like a food than a drug: serving size is about 14g in a typical beer, glass of wine, or shot
  • consumed/dosage in gram quantities
33
Q

ADMET

What is the most common administration of alcohol?

A

oral route

34
Q

ADMET

Inhalation

A
  • AWOL (alcohol w/out liquid)
  • Vaportini
  • higher blood alcohol levels
  • banned in most states
35
Q

ADMET

Powdered alcohol (Palcohol)

A
  • approved in 2016
  • banned in 31 states
36
Q

ADMET

What kind of molecule is alcohol?

A
  • a simple, small molecule
  • soluble in both water and lipids
  • Neutral particle that diffuses easily through membranes
37
Q

ADMET

What is the process of alcohol absorption in the body?

A
  • rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream
  • then to stomach (slower) and small intestine (faster)
  • distributes into total body water
38
Q

ADMET

How does absorption change when food is in your stomach?

A
  • it will slow down ethanol absorption leading to lower BAL
39
Q

ADMET

What influences distribution in men/women?

A

men have a higher muscle/fat ratio

40
Q

ADMET

How is alcohol distributed throughout the body?

A
  • around 90% reaches blood
  • then crosses the BBB
41
Q

What do BAL and BAc measure?

A

concentration of alcohol in blood

42
Q

How is BAL expressed?

A
  • Metric measurements and percent
  • BAL expressed in mg of alcohol per 100 mL (dL)
  • ex. 80g/dL=0.08g/100mL=0.08%
43
Q

What is the legal limit for BAL?

A
  • 0.08%
  • 80mg/dL
  • around 17mM
44
Q

What is the BAc of a standard drink?

A

around 30mg/dL

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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