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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Lecture 15- Tobacco/Vaping (Nicotine) > Flashcards

Lecture 15- Tobacco/Vaping (Nicotine) Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

History of Nicotine

A
  • Comes from nicotania tabacum plant- indigenous to Americas
  • Introduced to Spanish first who monopolized the world tobacco market
  • English got in the business when nicotania tabacum was found in the Virginia colony (John Rolfe)
  • Initially very expensive, became widespread by 17th century
  • Signs of addictive properties evident in 17th century
  • African natives traded land, livestock, and slaves for tobacco… resulted in extreme punishment by government
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2
Q

Claims of tobacco medicinal properties

A
  • appplied externally for pain/skin diseases/injuries
  • diseases of the ears, eyes, mouth, and nose
  • oral injection to reach other organs such as lungs, stomach, and teeth
  • intestinal canal
  • vagina via injection
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3
Q

Isolation of nicotine

A
  • first isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828
  • German Chemists, WH Pooselt and LA Reimaann
  • Named after French ambassador to Portugal (Nicot) who conducted careful experiments w tobacco as a medicinal herb
  • Extremely toxic- similar to cyanide (60 mg can kill a human)
  • Of considerable medical significance because of its toxicity and propensity for addiction
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4
Q

What year was nicotine first isolated from leaves of tobacco?

A

1828

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5
Q

Which chemists isolated nicotine?

A
  • W.H. Pooselt and L.A. Reimann
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6
Q

Who is nicotine named after?

A

A French ambassador to Portugal (Nicot) who conducted careful experiments with tobacco as a medicinal herb

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7
Q

How toxic is tobacco?

A
  • Extremely toxic-similar to cyanide
  • 60 mg can kill a human
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8
Q

Why is tobacco of considerable medical significance?

A

because of its toxicity and propensity for addiction

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9
Q

Where does nicotine come from?

A

the nicotania tabacum plant

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10
Q

When and why did signs of tobacco’s addictive properties become evident?

A
  • In the 17th century
  • African natives traded land, livestock, and slaves for tobacco which resulted in extreme punishment by the government
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11
Q

Tobacco processing- curing

Air

A
  • hung and allowed to dry for 4-8 weeks
  • cigar and burley tobaccos
  • Low sugar, light-sweet flavor, high nicotine
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12
Q

Tobacco processing- curing

Fire

A
  • hung and hardwood is burned in the vicinity for 3-10 days
  • pipe, chewing tobacco, snuff
  • low sugar, smoky, high nicotine
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13
Q

Tobacco processing- curing

Flue

A
  • strung onto tobacco sticks, hung in flue (exposure to low heat with no smoke) for one week
  • high sugar, medium-high nicotine
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14
Q

Tobacco processing- curing

Sun

A
  • dries uncovered in the sun
  • “oriental tobacco” (mediterranean countries)
  • low sugar and nicotine
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15
Q

Cigarettes: mass popularization

Mechanization of production

A
  • 1883, James Bonsack invented the rolling machine
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16
Q

Cigarettes: mass popularization

the safety match

A
  • 1805
  • Jean Chancel (French) invented self-igniting match
17
Q

What three things led to the mass popularization of cigarettes?

A
  • invention of rolling machine and safety match (self-igniting match)
  • Advertising/mass marketing
18
Q

How many cigarretes were smoked in 1963 in America?

A

enough for every adult to have more than half a pack a day

19
Q

Tobacco trend in the latter 20th century

A
  • usage reduced in part due to surgeon’s general warning
  • US Surgeon General Luther Terry addressed press conference at the release of the 1964 report on smoking and health
20
Q

1999 Cig Ads

A
  • Major tobacco companies were sued for 50+ years of civil fraud and racketeering (aka offereing a dishonest service)
21
Q

2006 Cig Ads

A
  • Companies were ordered to put stronger language and warning labels, and include details about effects of smoking on ads
22
Q

What 3 things make it so important to study smoking

A
  • Social and clinical significance
  • Ubiquitous- widespread
  • Addictiveness- the most addictive
23
Q

Tobacco Addictive Liability percentages

A
  • Ever Used: 75.6%
  • Addiction: 24.1%
  • Risk of Addiction: 31.9%
  • Makes it top 3 (only below cocaine and heroin)
24
Q

What is the most common drug used by adolescents?

A

tobacco

25
Q

Why does smoking start at such a young age?

What 4 things contribute to smoking starting at such a young age?

A
  • Biological
  • Biopsychological
  • Psychological
  • Social/environmental
26
Q

Why does smoking start at such a young age?

Biological

A

The adolescent brain is more sensitive to rewarding/reinforcing effects of nicotine

27
Q

Why does smoking start at such a young age?

Biopsychological

A
  • personality characteristics (ex. hostility and aggrestion) leads to increased stimulation by nicotine
  • Having these personality characteristics gives one predisposition to continued use
28
Q

Why does smoking start at such a young age?

Psychological

A
  • novelty seekers are more receptive to tobacco ads
29
Q

Why does smoking start at such a young age?

Social/environmental

A
  • trying to fit in
  • parent/family acceptance of nicotine use
30
Q

what kind of molecule is nicotine

A

a small lipid and water soluble molecule

31
Q

Routes of administration

Inhalation

A
  • lungs absorb
  • within 10 sec nicotine reaches the brain
32
Q

Routes of administration

Smokeless tobacco

A
  • peak plasma level in about 15 minutes
  • Slowest method
  • usually buccal (sublingual)
33
Q

Routes of administration

Nicotine gum

A

peak plasma level in about 30 minutes, used for treatment

34
Q

Routes of administration

Transdermal

A
  • skin patches
  • peak plasma level in about 5-12 hours
  • used for treatment
35
Q

Routes of administration

Nicotine inhaler

A
  • nasal absorption within 1 minute
36
Q

ADMET- distribution

A
  • quickly distributes throughout the body
  • reaches brain in 7-20 seconds when smoked
  • Amount absorbed depends on type of tobacco, smoked, filter
  • Receptors become saturated quickly- the short lived psychoactive effects lead smokers to repeatedly dose themselves
  • Detected in blood, saliva, and urine
37
Q

ADMET-ME

A
  • Metabolized/Eliminated in around 2 hours
  • Liver-converted to cotanine
  • detectable for weeks
38
Q

MAOIs and tobacco

A

tobacco contains monoamine oxidase inhibitors

39
Q

What happens when you smoke? (nicotine content)

A
  • Nicotine content of cigarettes: .5-2.0 mgs
  • Nicotine that gets into blood: .1-.4 mgs (about 20%)
  • Variation may be due to the smoker (# of puffs, length of each puff)

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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