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Hygiene Sem 1 > Rad > Flashcards

Rad Flashcards

1
Q

Define xradiation

A

High energy, electromagnetic radiation produced by the collision of electrons with a metal target

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2
Q

Primary radiation

A

X-ray beam produced at the target of anode, exits tube head
Aka useful beam

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3
Q

Outer shell electron collides with X-ray photon, photon gives up energy to eject electron from orbit. Photon loses energy and continues in different direction at lower energy

A

Compton scatter

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4
Q

Low energy photon interacts with outer shell electron. No change in atom and no ionization

A

Coherent scatter

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5
Q

Insulating oil is used to

A

Prevent overheating

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6
Q

Where does thermionic emission occur

A

Cathode-filament wire

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7
Q

What is thermionic emission

A

The heating of the filament that leads to the release of electrons

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8
Q

Cathode is

A

Negatively charged

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9
Q

Anode is

A

Positively charged

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10
Q

Step up transformer increases voltage

A

65,000-100,000

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11
Q

Step down transformer decreases voltage

A

3-5 volts

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12
Q

What is collimation

A

Limits radiation dose to patient by limiting the amount of tissue that is exposed

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13
Q

What does collimator do

A

Restricts the size and shape of X-ray beam

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14
Q

Alara

A

As low as reasonably achievable

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15
Q

Maximum accumulated dose is determined by

A

Age

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16
Q

What is maximum permissible dose

A

Max dose body is permitted to receive in a specific amount of time with little to no injury
5 rem/year (0.05msv)

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17
Q

Safety code 30

A

Radiation protection in dentistry

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18
Q

5 rules to paralleling technique

A

Film placement in prescribed area
Film parallel to axis
Vertical angulation central ray directed perpendicular to film
Horizontal angulation through contacts
Film exposure X-ray beam centered so all areas exposed

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19
Q

Is paralleling or bisecting more accurate

A

Paralleling

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20
Q

What is bitewing technique used to examine

A

Interproximal surfaces of teeth
Top of crestal bone
Clinical crowns

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21
Q

If horizontal angulation is incorrect it results in

A

Overlap

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22
Q

If vertical angulation is incorrect what results

A

Distortion

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23
Q

If PID is positioned below occlusal plane and ray is directed upward the vertical angulation is

A

Negative

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24
Q

Overlap refers to

A

Area of one tooth Superimposed over adjacent tooth

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25
Q

X-rays discovered what year by whom

A

1895
Wilhelm roentgen

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26
Q

What is free radical formation

A

Primary means by which xradiation causes cell damage

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27
Q

Free radical formation happens when X-ray photon

A

Ionizes with water

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28
Q

What is dose response curve

A

Response and damage of tissues with the dose or amount of radiation received

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29
Q

What are stochastic effects

A

Direct function of dose
Due to ionization radiation on chromosomes (cancer)
No dose threshold

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30
Q

What are non stochastic effects

A

Somatic effects that have a threshold
Caused by significant cell damage
Increase in severity as dose increases
(Loss of hair, infertility, cataracts)

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31
Q

Latent period

A

Time between exposure and observable clinical signs

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32
Q

Injury period

A

Follows latent period
Cellular damage may result

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33
Q

Sequence of radiation injury

A

Latent period
Injury period
Recovery period

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34
Q

Somatic cells refer to all cells except

A

Reproductive

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35
Q

Genetic cells

A

Reproductive cells

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36
Q

Genetic effects of radiation are seen

A

In offspring not seen in the individual radiated

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37
Q

Cells most resistant to rad exposure

A

Mature bone, muscle and nerve

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38
Q

Roentgen “R” units of measurement measure

A

Exposure
Energy produced by gamma radiation
Also known as coulomb

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39
Q

Free radical

A

Tall or group of atoms that has one unpaired electron
Unstable and highly reactive

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40
Q

Threshold curve

A

Below a certain level (threshold) no response is seen

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41
Q

Linear curve

A

Response is proportional to the dose

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42
Q

Linear non threshold curve

A

Response is seen at any dose

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43
Q

Most sensitive cells to radiation

A

Small lymphocyte
Bone marrow
Reproductive
Young cells

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44
Q

Secondary radiation

A

When primary beam interacts with matter. Less penetrating

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45
Q

Leakage radiation

A

Improperly sealed or non lead lined tube head

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46
Q

Quality of X-ray is controlled by

A

Kvp

47
Q

X-rays with shorter wavelengths have more penetrating power thus more/less kvp?

A

More/higher

48
Q

Kvp controls speed and energy of

A

Electrons

49
Q

Kv for digital radiography

A

60-70 kv

50
Q

Less than 65 kv =
More than 100 kv =

A

Less than 65= inadequate penetration
More than = over penetration

51
Q

Higher kv should be used when

A

When area to be examined is thick or dense

52
Q

Density refers to the overall

A

Blackness or darkness of an image

53
Q

Density is affected whenever there is a change in what

A

Kvp, ma, exposure time

54
Q

High density results in film being

A

Very black

55
Q

Low density results in image being

A

Very light

56
Q

Contrast refers to how

A

Sharply dark or light areas are differentiated

57
Q

An adjustment in what leads to change in contrast

A

Kv

58
Q

Low kv results in what kind of contrast

A

High contrast (not many shades of grey)

59
Q

High kv results in what kind of contrast

A

Low contrast. Many shades of grey

60
Q

To compensate for the penetration power of the X-ray beam, exposure time must be adjusted if

A

The kvp is adjusted

61
Q

If lvp is decreased exposure time must be

A

Increased

62
Q

Ma measure the ___ of an X-ray

A

Quantity

63
Q

Higher ma equals more

A

Electrons

64
Q

Ma settings usually set at

A

7-15

65
Q

If ma is increased beyond 15 what happens

A

Excessive heat production

66
Q

If ma is increased the exposure time must be ___ to maintain density

A

Decreased

67
Q

Target surface distance describes

A

Distance from source of radiation to clients skin

68
Q

Target-object distance

A

Source of radiation to tooth

69
Q

Half value layer

A

To reduce intensity of beam, aluminum filters are placed in path inside tube head

70
Q

Film composition: components of film

A

Film base
Adhesive layer
Film emulsion
Protective layer

71
Q

The film base withstands what and provides what for emulsion

A

Heat, moisture and chemical exposure
(Slight blue tint for image quality)
Provides strength and support for emulsion

72
Q

Adhesive layer attaches

A

Emulsion to base

73
Q

Film emulsion allows greater

A

Film sensitivity to xradiation

74
Q

Film emulsion: gelatin
Evenly suspends

A

Silver halide crystals over film base
Absorbs processing solution allowing chemicals to react with crystals

75
Q

Film emulsion: silver halide crystals
Absorbs?

A

Absorbs radiation during exposure and store energy from radiation

76
Q

Latent image describes

A

An existing but not yet developed film

77
Q

Larger crystals results in a faster/slower speed film

A

Faster

78
Q

Intraoral film packet has emulsion

A

On both sides

79
Q

Plastic film wrapper protects

A

Film from lights

80
Q

Intraoral film packet lead foil can be found behind

A

Film shielding

81
Q

Intraoral film packet tube side

A

Solid white and has I’d dot

82
Q

Extraoral films two types

A

Screen and non screen

83
Q

Screen films require screen for exposure and requires

A

Less radiation to expose films

84
Q

Intensifying screens are smooth plastic sheets coated with fluorescent crystals; purpose?

A

Intensifies efffect of X-ray on the film
Less radiation is required

85
Q

Non- screen films do not require an intensifying screen for exposure instead emulsion is sensitive; is this recommended

A

No because it requires more exposure time

86
Q

Duplicating films may be used for

A

Teaching aids
Referrals
Insurance purposes

87
Q

Duplicating films what only exists on one side of film

A

Emulsion

88
Q

Radiolucent appears

A

Black or dark
-air, pulp, pdl space

89
Q

Radiopaque appears

A

White or light
-restorations, enamel, bone

90
Q

Lead lined storage containers prevent

A

Film fogging

91
Q

If ma is increased the image will appear

A

Darker

92
Q

If kvp is decreased the image will appear

A

Lighter

93
Q

If exposure time is decreased the film density___ resulting in a ___ image

A

Decreases
Lighter

94
Q

Short scale contrast refers to

A

Black and white only shows 2 densities

95
Q

Low kvp= high contrast which is short or long scale contrast

A

Short scale

96
Q

Long scale contrast refers to

A

Many shades of grey

97
Q

Sharpness refers to

A

Reproduction of distinct outlines of an object

98
Q

Sharpness is influenced by

A

Focal spot size
Film composition
Movement

99
Q

Penumbra

A

Fuzzy/blurry image

100
Q

Smaller focal spot results in

A

Sharper image

101
Q

Longer pid results in more/less magnification

A

Less

102
Q

Distortion refers to

A

Elongation or foreshortening

103
Q

Manual film processing steps

A

Development
Rinsing
Fixation
Washing
Drying

104
Q

Film processing: reduction

A

Halide portion of the exposed energized halide crystals are removed

105
Q

Film processing: selective reduction

A

Reduction of energized, exposed halide crystals into black metallic silver while the unexposed halide crystals are removed from film

106
Q

Reduction of crystals results with

A

Black metallic silver images

107
Q

Manual film processing: rinsing

A

Film rinsed to remove and remaining developer solution and stops development

108
Q

Manual film processing: fixation

A

Removes unexposed silver halide crystals. Emulsion is hardened

109
Q

Manual film processing: development

A

Emulsion is softened
Chemical reaction that reduces exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver (creates dark areas on radiograph)

110
Q

Manual film processing: washing

A

Remaining chemical solutions removed with water bath

111
Q

Quality assurance film fog

A

Fog = expired

112
Q

Reference radiographs

A

Processed under ideal conditions and then used to compare film densities of daily processed X-rays

113
Q

Stepwedge serves as

A

Quality assurance

114
Q

Who is responsible for classifying high level/low level

A

EPA environmental protection agency

Hygiene Sem 1 (22 decks)

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