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Hygiene Sem 1 > Rad Final > Flashcards

Rad Final Flashcards

1
Q

Bisecting technique is based on a simple geometric principle known as ?
What does it state?

A

Rule of isometry
States that 2 triangles are equal if they have 2 equal angles and share a common side

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2
Q

In the bisecting technique the film must be placed on the

A

Lingual surface of the tooth

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3
Q

Where the film ____ the tooth, the plane of the film and the long axis of the tooth form and angle. What should we do with this angle

A

Contacts
Bisect this angle

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4
Q

The central ray is directed _____ to the bisector so 2 imaginary _____ triangles are formed

A

Perpendicular; equal

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5
Q

What is the finger holding method

A

Patients finger or thumb is used to stabilize the periapical film

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6
Q

Disadvantages of the finger holding technique

A

Unnecessary radiation
Distorted images
Inadequate exposure of prescribed area

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7
Q

Max Incisors vertical angulation of PID

A

+40-50

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8
Q

Mand incisors PID angulation

A

-15-25

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9
Q

Max canines PID angulation

A

+45-55

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10
Q

Mand canines PID angulation

A

-20-30

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11
Q

Max premolars PID angulation

A

+30-40

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12
Q

Mand premolars PID angulation

A

-10-15

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13
Q

Max molars PID angulation

A

+20-30

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14
Q

Mand molars PID angulation

A

-5-0

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15
Q

Incorrect vertical angulation results in an image that is

A

Foreshortened or elongated

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16
Q

In foreshortening the PID is angled too

A

Steep; short image; excessive vertical angulation

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17
Q

If an image is elongated the PID is too

A

Flat; long image; insufficient vertical angulation

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18
Q

Incorrect horizontal angulation results in

A

An overlapped image

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19
Q

Advantages of bisecting technique

A

Can be used without film holding device
Exposure time is reduced

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20
Q

Disadvantages of bisecting technique

A

Image distortion
Angulation problems
If film holder not utilized clients hand is exposed in finger holding

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21
Q

Describe the proper direction of the central ray in the bisecting technique

A

Central ray is directed at an angle of 90 degrees to the imaginary bisector

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22
Q

Impacted teeth occur where

A

One tooth is prevented from erupting due to being wedged up against a neighbouring tooth

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23
Q

If a tooth is not breaking through the gum because of being under bone it is classified as

A

Embedded

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24
Q

Dental anomalies can result from a combination of

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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25
Q

Variation in anomalies can occur

A

Congenital (at or before birth)
Hereditary (by genetic makeup)

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26
Q

A congenital anomaly is sometimes the result of hereditary and may not show up until?

A

Years after birth

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27
Q

Familial tendency

A

When an anomaly occurs more frequently than usual in one family

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28
Q

Developmental anomaly

A

When the condition results during the formation and development of a dental structure

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29
Q

Most commonly supernumerary tooth is

A

Mesiodens (midline of maxillae) tooth erupting between max centrals

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30
Q

1st most common congenitally missing teeth

A

Maxillary third molars
(2nd most common max lateral incisors)

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31
Q

If primary teeth are congenitally missing, will permanent replacements also be missing?

A

Yes

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32
Q

What are the most common twinning abnormalities, both demonstrating enlarged crowns

A

Fusion and gemination

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33
Q

Which teeth are most commonly affected by dens in dente

A

Maxillary lateral incisors

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34
Q

Dilaceration refers to distortion in root or crown of angle rage ____? Most common in?

A

45-90
Mandibular third molars

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35
Q

Genination

A

Double fused teeth; one bud but 2 crowns
*single root, common pulp, notched incisally

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36
Q

Bifid tooth/bifurcated crown

A

A tooth split into 2 crowns with one root

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37
Q

Twinning

A

Occurs when a single tooth germ splits forming 2 almost identical teeth but remaining fused as one

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38
Q

Fusion of tooth germs involves ONLY

A

Dentin

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39
Q

Fusion or growing together of two teeth at the root ONLY VIA CEMENTUM

A

Concresence

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40
Q

First appears as radiololucent area and later radiopaque as it becomes mineralized

A

Hypercementosis

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41
Q

Generalized cementum deposition is a feature of a condition known as ____ of bone

A

Pagets disease

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42
Q

Enamel pearls are found

A

On distal 3rd molars and buccal root furcation of molars. Not found on single rooted teeth

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43
Q

Enamel hypoplasia inhibits

A

Enamel formation

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44
Q

Enamel hypocalcification is caused by a condition that inhibits the calcification of enamel. What are the most common forms

A

Enamel fluorosis
Turners tooth
Anelogenesis imperfecta

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45
Q

Turners tooth is most common on

A

Maxillary incisor

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46
Q

Amelogenesis imperfecta is characterized by

A

Thin enamel stained various shades of yellow and brown and easily fractures away

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47
Q

What is the most unique feature of dentinogenesis imperfecta

A

Pulp chambers and root canal are usually completely filled in with dentin

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48
Q

Most common malformed anterior tooth is

A

Maxillary lateral incisor (peg shaped)

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49
Q

The most common tooth with cusp variations

A

Mandibular second premolars

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50
Q

The most common tooth with accessory cusps or tubercles

A

Maxillary molars

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51
Q

Maxillary first premolars

A

Usually have 2 roots but 40% have 1 root

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52
Q

DICOM data

A

Universal format for handling storing and transmitting 3d images

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53
Q

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

A

Term used to describe computer assisted digital imagine in dentistry

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54
Q

Uses of 3D imaging

A

Implant placement
Extraction or exposure of impacted teeth
Endo evaluation
Sinus evaluation
Tmj analysis
Ortho

55
Q

Advantages of 3D imaging

A

More accurate images
Quick scanning time
Transports and saves images easily
Lower dose radiation

56
Q

Disadvantages of digital imaging

A

Patient movement artifacts
Size of the field of view
Cost of equipment
Lack of training in image data

57
Q

Gag reflex is aka

A

Pharyngeal reflex

58
Q

Exposure sequencing

A

Start with anterior exposures, follow with premolar exposures prior to molar. Maxillary molars should be exposed last

59
Q

Helpful hints when dealing with a patient with a gag reflex

A

Never suggest gagging
Reassure the client
Suggest breathing
Try to distract client
Try to reduce tactile stimuli
Use topical anesthetic

60
Q

Physical disabilities include what

A

Vision impairment
Hearing impairment
Mobility impairment

61
Q

Developmental disabilities refer to substantial impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before

A

Age 22 and is of indefinite duration

62
Q

Why take radiographs on an edentulous client

A

Detective root tips, impacted teeth, cysts or tumours
Identify objects in alveolar bone
Establish position of normal anatomic landmarks
Observe quantity and quality of existing bone

63
Q

How many films total would you take in an edentulous client

A

6 films total

64
Q

Why does the metal crown not create a ghost image

A

Ghost images are created by anatomical structures or objects that are located outside of the zone of focus or image layer

65
Q

If the tongue ____ with the palate during exposure of a panoramic film, a dark ______ shadow results that obscures the _______

A

Is not in contact; radiolucent; apices of the maxillary teeth

66
Q

How do metallic restorations appear on radiograph

A

Completely radiopaque
*absorb X-ray

67
Q

Nonmetallic restorations may vary in radiographic appearance from

A

Radiolucent to slightly radiopaque
*porcelain, most dense; least radiolucent
*acrylic, least dense; most radiolucent
*composite resin; dependant upon material

68
Q

One surface amalgam restorations appear as

A

Distinct, small, round or ovoid radiopacities

69
Q

Amalgam overhangs cause what (3)

A

Disrupts natural cleansing contours of the tooth, traps food and plaque and contributes to bone loss

70
Q

Amalgam fragments appear as

A

Dense radiopacities with irregular borders

71
Q

Gold crowns and amalgam restorations appear equally radiopaque on X-ray, however

A

Gold exhibits a smooth marginal outline

72
Q

Stainless steel crowns can be identified on a X-ray by their

A

Smooth and regular margins
*appear radiopaque but not as densely as amalgam or gold

73
Q

All porcelain crowns what may be evident through the slightly radiopaque porcelain crown

A

A thin radiopaque line outlining the prepared tooth that represents cement

74
Q

What is the least dense of all nonmetallic restorations and appears radiolucent or barely visible on X-ray

A

Acrylic

75
Q

Base materials appear

A

Radiopaque

76
Q

Silver points used in the obliteration of the pulp canals appear ____ than gutta percha on a processed film

A

More radiodense

77
Q

What are diatorics

A

Metal retention pins found on anterior porcelain denture teeth
*tiny dense radiopacities superimposed over porcelain denture teeth

78
Q

A removable partial denture with a metal base and acrylic saddles appears

A

Densely radiopaque where metal is present and slightly radiopaque in the areas of acrylic

79
Q

Oral surgery materials appear

A

Radiopaque varying in size shape and design

80
Q

Buccal object rule

A

SLOB
S- same
L- lingual
O- opposite
B- buccal

81
Q

SLOB rule: when the object in second exposed X-ray appears to have moved in the same direction as the shift of the PID the structure is positioned

A

To the lingual

82
Q

SLOB rule: when the dental structure or object seen in 2nd X-ray exposed appears to have moved in opposite direction of PID movement the structure is

A

Positioned to the buccal

83
Q

Right angle technique for orientation of structures

A

One pa is exposed using proper technique to show object then an occlusal film is exposed
They are compared to locate the object

84
Q

Root fractures most commonly occur

A

In the maxillary central region

85
Q

Root fractures appear how on pa xray

A

Sharp radiolucent line

86
Q

Maxillary jaw fractures are typically

A

Difficult to detect on dental radiograph

87
Q

The mandible is fractured more so than any other facial bone and include

A

The body
The ramus
The condyles

88
Q

How will you see a mandibular jaw fracture on an X-ray

A

Evidence of a radiolucent line at the site where the bone has separated

89
Q

Anterior alveolar fractures are

A

Most common

90
Q

Labial plate fracture is more common than

A

A palatal plate fracture

91
Q

Jaw fractures: when only the palatal or labial plates are affected it is

A

Difficult to identify on an intraoral radiograph

92
Q

What is intrusion

A

Abnormal displacement of teeth into bone

93
Q

What is extrusion

A

Abnormal displacement of teeth out of the bone

94
Q

Intrusion and extrusion generally involve

A

Maxillary central incisors

95
Q

Physiological resorption is evident with normal

A

Shedding of deciduous teeth

96
Q

Pathologic resorption is a result of

A

Chronic inflammation abnormal pressure external forces or unknown causes

97
Q

External resorption is seen along what surface? Most often seen in which teeth?

A

Seen along the periphery of the root surface
Most often seen on anterior teeth

98
Q

What is external resorption associated with

A

Re-implanted teeth
Abnormal mechanical forces (braces)
Trauma
Chronic inflammation
Secondary to ortho trx

99
Q

Radiographically how does external resorption look

A

Lamina dura and bone surrounding apex appears normal
-apical region appears blunted and the root length appears shorter than normal

100
Q

Internal resorption is associated with

A

Trauma
Pulp capping
Pulp polyps

101
Q

Clinically internal resorption, if seen, will exhibit a

A

Pinkish hue due to close proximity of the pulp tissue to the tooth surface

102
Q

Internal resorption appears radiographically as

A

A round or ovoid radiolucency in the mid crown or mid root portion of a tooth

103
Q

What is pulpal sclerosis

A

A diffuse calcification of the pulp chamber and pulp canals

104
Q

What is pulpal sclerosis associated with and not associated with

A

Associated with aging
Not associated with inflammation, trauma or systemic disease

105
Q

Pulpal sclerosis is of _____ unless endo therapy is indicated

A

Little clinical significance

106
Q

Irritants to the pulp that lead to obliteration of the pulp cavity include

A

Attrition
Abrasion
Caries
Restorations
Trauma
Abnormal mechanical forces

107
Q

Radiographically how does pulp obliteration look

A

Does not appear to have a pulp chamber so radiopaque structure that confirms to the shape of pulp chamber/canal

108
Q

What are pulp stones

A

Calcifications found in pulp chamber or pulp canals

109
Q

Pulp stones are located where?
Do they require treatment?

A

Located on the walls of the pulp cavity or completely surrounded by pulpal tissue.
No trx required

110
Q

Are all periapical radiolucencies/lesions clinically asymptomatic

A

No, some can be symptomatic

111
Q

Diagnosis of periapical radiolucencies is based on

A

Clinical features and microscopic appearance (need a histological exam)

112
Q

What is a periapical granuloma

A

Localized mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue at the apex of a NONVITAL tooth

113
Q

Periapical granuloma is a result of

A

Necrotic pulp

114
Q

Clinically periapical granuloma has prolonged history of

A

Hypersensitivity and percussion

115
Q

How do periapical granulomas appear radiographically

A

Periapical round or ovoid unilocular radiolucent structure
*Lamina does not visible between apex of root and apical lesion

116
Q

A periapical cyst is aka
What is it

A

Radicular cyst/ apical periodontal cyst
Results from cystic degeneration of the periapical granuloma (pulpal death/ necrosis )

117
Q

Periapical cyst appears radiographically as

A

Round or ovoid unilocular radiolucency
Corticated or noncorticated borders

118
Q

What is a periapical abscess

A

Localized collection of pus in the periapical region of a tooth

119
Q

Periapical abscess clinically presents

A

Acute: painful, nonvital, sensitive to pressure heat and percussion
Chronic; usually asymptomatic pus drains through bone or PDL space

120
Q

Periapical abscess appear radiographically

A

Increased widening of the PDL space
Apical round or ovoid unilocular radiolucency with diffuse or poorly defined margins

121
Q

What is the most common radiopacity seen in adult clients

A

Condensing osteitis

122
Q

Condensing osteitis is associated with

A

Non vital teeth with large caries or large restorations
* more evident in mand first molars

123
Q

Condensing osteitis appear radiographically as

A

Well demarcated focal opacity situated below the apical third of a tooth

124
Q

Sclerotic bone is aka idiopathic periapical osteosclerosis. It is a?

A

Well defined radiopacity seen below the apices of vital nonferrous teeth
*not attached to the tooth

125
Q

What is hypercementosis and what area does it most often affect

A

Excess deposition of cementum on root surfaces
Most often affects apical area, which appears enlarged and bulbous

126
Q

Teeth affected by hypercementosis are vital. Do they require trx?

A

No

127
Q

Radiograph

A

Refers to actual film exposed

128
Q

X-ray

A

Beam of energy or radiation

129
Q

Radiolucent

A

Portion of a processed radiograph that is dark or black

130
Q

Radiopaque

A

The portion of a processed radiograph that appears light or white

131
Q

Radiolucent classifications may include

A

Moth eaten pattern
Multiracial pattern
Widened perio ligament

132
Q

Unilocular radiolucent lesions usually indicative of

A

A benign, slow growing process

133
Q

What is a corticated border

A

Thin and well demarcated radiopaque rim of bone at the periphery

134
Q

What is noncorticated borders

A

Fuzzy and ill defined without a thin radiopaque rim of bone at the periphery

Hygiene Sem 1 (22 decks)

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