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Hygiene Sem 1 > Anat Final Heart And Blood > Flashcards

Anat Final Heart And Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is important for maintaining

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood in the body

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

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3
Q

Blood transports what? (4)

A

Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones

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4
Q

Blood regulates what (3)

A

Ph
Fluid balance
Heat

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5
Q

Blood protects against

A

Disease
Blood loss

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6
Q

What is the liquid portion of blood

A

Plasma
-55% total blood volume
-91% water
-9% dissolved substances

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7
Q

Formed elements are what portion of blood

A

Cellular portion

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8
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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9
Q

What does the plasma include?

A

Albumin
Clotting factors
Antibodies
Complement

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10
Q

What is albumin

A

The most abundant protein in plasma, important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood

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11
Q

Where is albumin produced?
And what results if there is a deficiency

A

Produced in the liver
Deficiency = lower blood volume

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12
Q

What are the nutrients in the plasma

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Lipids
Electrolytes

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13
Q

All formed elements are produced in the

A

Red bone marrow
(Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

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14
Q

Production of erythrocytes (RBCs) are stimulated by erythropoietin, hormone from kidney, in response to

A

Low blood oxygen
HYPOXIA

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15
Q

Erythrocytes are what shape

A

Bioconcave (disc shaped; central area is thinner than the outer edge)

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16
Q

Erythrocytes contain?
What is it?

A

Hemoglobin; protein that contains iron

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17
Q

Hemoglobin does what

A

Binds to oxygen for transport
Carries hydrogen ion for buffering
Carries carbon dioxide for elimination

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18
Q

What does carbon dioxide do

A

Restricts RBC from transporting oxygen by blocking hemoglobin from binding to it

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19
Q

Describe the characteristics of leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Important for protection and immunity
Colourless round shaped with prominent nuclei

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20
Q

Different types of WBC’s are identified by their

A

Size, shape of the nucleus and the presence of absence of granules in the cytoplasm when stained

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21
Q

What are the most numerous WBC

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

Weak phagocyte
Active in allergic reactions
Active against parasites and worms

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23
Q

What are active during infections, allergies and asthma, release histamine and heparin and are similar to mast cells

A

Basophils

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24
Q

Lymphocytes are the second most numerous of the WBCs. What are they involved in and where do they develop

A

Involved in immunity
Develop in red bone marrow but reach maturity in lymphoid tissue

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25
Q

What are aggressive phagocytes and develop into larger macrophages after leaving blood to enter tissue space

A

Monocytes

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26
Q

The most important function of leukocytes is to destroy pathogens by

A

Phagocytosis

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27
Q

When a pathogen entered the tissue the ______ and ______ leave the blood and go to the _____

A

Neutrophils and monocytes
Go to the area of infection

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28
Q

Once they get to the area of infection what occurs and what are engulfed

A

Phagocytosis occurs and invaders are engulfed

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29
Q

What may be destroyed in the process of phagocytosis

A

Leukocytes

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30
Q

Pus is a mixture of

A

Dead and live bacteria and leukocytes

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31
Q

Abscess is a

A

Localized area of pus

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32
Q

Some lymphocytes become

A

Plasma cells (b lymphocytes)

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33
Q

B lymphocytes are active in the

A

Production of circulating antibodies needed for immunity

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34
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes) are fragments of cells called

A

Megakaryocytes

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35
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for prevention of

A

Blood loss and blood coagulation (clotting)

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36
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes) are not cells they have no _____ or _____ they have ____ and ____

A

No nuclei or DNA; they have enzymes and mitochondria

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37
Q

Hemostasis is the process that prevents the

A

Loss of blood from circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by injury

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38
Q

Hemostasis consists of 3 steps which are

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
Blood clot formation

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39
Q

Procoagulants promote

A

Clotting

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40
Q

Anticoagulants prevent

A

Clotting

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41
Q

In the absence of injury _____ activity is greater than _____ activity preventing the formation of blood clots

A

Anticoagulant; coagulant

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42
Q

What vitamin is required for the liver to produce enzymes for clotting

A

Vitamin K

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43
Q

Coagulation: Prothrombinase, is an active enzyme that triggers the final clotting mechanism. When is it formed?

A

When tissue is injured

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44
Q

Coagulation: Prothrombinase converts prothrombin in the blood to?
What is needed for this?

A

Thrombin
Calcium is needed

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45
Q

Coagulation: Thrombin reacts by converting (soluble) ______ into (insoluble) ______

A

Fibrinogen; fibrin

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46
Q

Coagulation: fibrin forms a network of threads that entrap plasma and blood cells to form

A

A clot

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47
Q

What are antigens

A

Proteins capable of activating an immune response

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48
Q

What are the 4 blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

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49
Q

Rh factor is known as the

A

D antigen

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50
Q

Rh positive

A

Have the antigen

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51
Q

Rh negative

A

Lack the antigen

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52
Q

Rh incompatibility can lead to

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

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53
Q

what is transfusion

A

The administration of blood from one person to another through veins

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54
Q

Blood types must be compatible. Blood typing and cross matching prevents

A

Antigen-antibody reaction and hemolysis

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55
Q

What is the universal donor blood type

A

O negative

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56
Q

What is the universal recipient blood type

A

AB positive

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57
Q

You can give yourself your own blood. What is this known as

A

Autologous

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58
Q

Centrifuge separates plasma from

A

Formed elements

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59
Q

Hemapheresis keeps what and returns remainder to?

A

Keeps desired elements and returns remainder to donor

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60
Q

Plasmapheresis keeps what and returns what?

A

Keeps plasma and returns formed elements to donor

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61
Q

What are the uses of plasma

A

Increase blood volume
Treat circulatory failure
Treat plasma protein deficiency
Replace clotting factors
Provide needed antibodies
reduces risk of incompatibility

62
Q

What is anemia and what are the classic symptoms

A

Abnormally low level of hemoglobin or RBCs resulting in impaired delivery of oxygen to the tissues.
Fatigue, skin pallor, weakness, faintness, headache

63
Q

Compensation to anemia results in

A

Increased heart rate and respiratory rates

64
Q

Leukaemia is an increase in

A

White blood cells

65
Q

Excessive loss or destruction of red blood cells are what 3 kinds of anemia

A

Hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell anemia

66
Q

Impaired production of RBC or hemoglobin types of anemia

A

Nutritional anemia
Pernicious anemia
Thalassemia
Bone marrow suppression

67
Q

What are 2 types of leukemia

A

Myelogenous leukemia (affects stem cells in the bone marrow)
Lymphocytic leukemia

68
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Cancer of plasma cells
(Begins in bone marrow, increases lymphocyte count)

69
Q

Lymphoma is

A

Cancer of the lymphatic system
(Hodgkins lymphoma and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma)

70
Q

What is hemophilia

A

Rare hereditary bleeding disorder
(Deficiency of factor VIII)

71
Q

What clotting disorder is characterized by plasma component that help platelets to stick to damaged tissue and transports clotting factor VIII

A

Von Willebrand disease

72
Q

Thrombocytopenia is

A

The most common clotting disorder
Reflects a decrease in platelet number and results in hemorrhage in the skin or mucous membrane

73
Q

Thrombous

A

Stationary blood clot

74
Q

Embolus

A

Circulating blood clot

75
Q

Electrophoresis

A

Measures the hemoglobin

76
Q

The hematocrit

A

Measures how much of the blood volume is taken up by red blood cells

77
Q

What is the normal red cell count range

A

4.5-5.5 million cells/mm^3 of blood

78
Q

Normal range of leukocytes

A

5000-10,000 cells/mm^3 of blood

79
Q

Normal range of platelet counts

A

150,000-450,000/mm^3 of blood

80
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase in RBC

81
Q

Leukopenia

A

White blood cells are below 5000 cells/mm^3 of blood

82
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC in excess of 10,000 cells/mm^3

83
Q

The circulatory system is a continuous one way circuit of blood vessels through which blood is pumped by

A

The heart

84
Q

Endocardium lines the

A

Interior of the heart

85
Q

The _____ is the muscle of the heart, the thickest layer, responsible for pumping the blood

A

Myocardium

86
Q

What is the epicardium

A

Serous membrane that forms the thin outer layer of the heart
(Visceral layer of serous pericardium)

87
Q

What is the pericardium

A

The sac that encloses the heart

88
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

89
Q

What does the fibrous pericardium do

A

CT that supports and protects heart; holds heart in place

90
Q

The myocardium is composed of

A

Cardiac muscle cells

91
Q

Cardiac muscle cells characteristics (5)

A

Lightly striated
Have single nucleus
Are controlled involuntarily
Have intercalated disks
Have branching fibers

92
Q

Intercalated disks and branching fibers act to

A

Coordinate contractions

93
Q

Right side of the heart pumps blood _______ to the lungs through

A

Low in oxygen; Pulmonary circuit

94
Q

Left side of the heart pumps the _____ to the remainder of the body through the

A

Oxygenated blood; systemic circuit

95
Q

2 sides of the heart are separated from each other by

A

Septums

96
Q

Interartial septum separates

A

The 2 atria

97
Q

The interventricular septum separates

A

The 2 ventricles

98
Q

The upper chambers are the receiving chambers known as the

A

Atria/atrium

99
Q

The lower chambers are the pumping chambers known as

A

Ventricles

100
Q

Right atrium receives blood low in oxygen returning from the tissues. Carried in the

A

Veins

101
Q

What brings blood from the head chest and arm

A

Superior vena cava

102
Q

Delivers blood from the trunk and legs

A

Inferior vena cava

103
Q

Pumps the venous blood received from the right atrium into the lungs

A

Right ventricle

104
Q

Received blood high in oxygen from the lungs, carried by the pulmonary beings

A

Left atrium

105
Q

What Pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This blood first goes into the aorta and then the?

A

Left ventricle; branching systemic arteries

106
Q

Atrioventricular valves consist of tricuspid valve (r) and bicuspid (mitral) valve (L). Are they at entrance or exit

A

Entrance

107
Q

Semilunar valves consist of pulmonary valve (R) and aortic valve (L). Are they are entrance or exit

A

Exit

108
Q

What are aka heart strings
And what do they do

A

Chordae tendinae
Prevent prolapse and eversion
(Hold AV valves in place while heart is pumping blood)

109
Q

The right and left coronary arteries supply blood to

A

The muscle of the heart

110
Q

Both sides of the heart work together, heart muscle contractions starts in the ____ then the ____ contract

A

Atria; ventricles

111
Q

Systole is

A

Active phase (contraction)

112
Q

Diastole is

A

Resting phase (relaxation)

113
Q

One complete heart contraction and relaxation equals

A

One heartbeat

114
Q

Cardiac output is

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

115
Q

Average cardiac output for adult at rest is

A

5L/min

116
Q

The sinoatrial (SA) Node aka ____, in upper wall of _______ initiates heartbeat by generating an action potential. It sets the _____

A

Pacemaker; right atrium; rate of contraction

117
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node is located

A

In the interatrial septum at the bottom of the right atrium

118
Q

Pathway from the SA to the AV; impulse travels it

A

Internodal pathways

119
Q

Atrioventricular bundle carries action potential to the

A

Ventricular myocardial cells
(Includes smaller purkinje fibers)

120
Q

Intercalated disks allow the rapid flow

A

Of impulses throughout the heart muscle

121
Q

Heart block is any

A

Interruption in the conduction pathway

122
Q

Rate and force of heart contractions can be influenced by

A

The nervous system
Endocrine system
Ions
Drugs

123
Q

SNS increases

A

The heart rate

124
Q

PNS decreases

A

Heart rate to restore homeostasis

125
Q

Epinephrine and thyroxine speeds

A

Heart rate up

126
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

127
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast resting heartbeat (more than 100 beats per minute)

128
Q

The heart makes two normal sounds which are

A

Lub and dup

129
Q

The Lub is the ?
Caused by ?

A

First heart sounds
Caused by the closure of the AV valve

130
Q

The dup is the ?
It is caused by?

A

Second heart sound
Caused largely by sudden closure of the semilunar valves

131
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal rhythm of heartbeat

132
Q

Flutter

A

Extremely rapid coordinated contractions up to 300/ minute

133
Q

Fibrillation

A

Rapid, wild, uncoordinated muscle contractions

134
Q

Which is more serious; ventricular fibrillation or atrial fibrillation

A

Ventricular fibrillation

135
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the heart

136
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle

137
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

138
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect

A

Ventricular septal defect
*hole between 2 ventricles

139
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Localized barreling of the aortic arch

140
Q

Tetralogy of fallout

A

Blue baby; low oxygenated blood is sent directly to tissue bypassing the lungs

141
Q

Certain _____ infections are indirectly responsible for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease

A

Streptococcal

142
Q

Rheumatic heart disease is common in what ages

A

5-15 years old

143
Q

Coronary heart disease involves the

A

Arteries that supply the heart muscle

144
Q

Atherosclerosis; the lumen of the blood vessel narrows due to

A

Progressive thickening and hardening

145
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of blood supply to the areas fed by the narrowing arteries

146
Q

Thrombus

A

Formation of a blood clot

147
Q

Coronary thrombosis

A

Formation of a blood clot in a coronary artery

148
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle
(Nitroglycerin tablets provide immediate relief)

149
Q

Myocardial infarction is aka

A

Heart attack

150
Q

Congestive heart failure the heart is unable to

A

Pump blood efficiently

151
Q

Congestive heart failure is often due to

A

Deterioration of the heart tissues and is frequently the result of disorders of long duration such as high bp

152
Q

Effects of aging on the heart: common occurrences (3)

A
  1. Heart chambers become smaller so lower cardiac output
  2. Valves become less flexible
  3. Less likely to respond efficiently to physical and emotional stress

Hygiene Sem 1 (22 decks)

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