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Pharmacology I > 15 > Flashcards

15 Flashcards

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1
Q

adrenergic drugs affect receptors that are stimulated by what NT?

A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline) or epinephrine (adrenaline)

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2
Q

adrenergic drugs that activate adrenergic receptors are termed:

A

sympathomimetics

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3
Q

adrenergic drugs that block the activation of adrenergic receptors are termed:

A

sympatholytics

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4
Q

difference between direct acting and indirect acting adrenergic agonists

A

direct-acting directly activate adrenergic receptors

indirect-acting act indirectly by enhancing release or blocking repute or norepinephrine

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5
Q

reuptake of NE may be inhibited by:

A

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

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6
Q

reuptake of NE may be inactivated (oxidized) by:

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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7
Q

type of adrenergic receptor that is responsive to the naturally occurring catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and weakly responsive to the synthetic agonist isoproterenol

A

alpha-adrenoceptors

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8
Q

rank order of potency and affinity for the alpha-adrenoceptors

A

epinephrine > or = norepinephrine&raquo_space; isoproterenol

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9
Q

rank order of potency for beta-adrenoceptors

A

isoproterenol > epinephrine > norepinephrine

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10
Q

type of adrenergic receptor that is characterized by a strong response to isoproterenol, with less sensitivity to epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

beta- adrenoceptors

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11
Q

which types of receptors are located in vascular smooth muscle and the iris radial (dilator) muscle?

A

a1 alpha adrenergic

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12
Q

which types of receptors are located in the brainstem and decrease sympathetic outflow (inhibitory)?

A

a2 alpha adrenergic

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13
Q

which types of receptors are located in the heart (myocardial tissue and conduction system)

A

B1 beta adrenergic

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14
Q

which types of receptors are located in the trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, uterus, arterioles (except brain & skin), veins, vascular smooth muscle, liver, and ciliary epithelium

A

b2 beta adrenergic

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15
Q

what is the main function of vascular smooth muscle tone

A

to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body which will change the local blood pressure

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16
Q

contraction of the iris radial (dilator) muscle does what?

A

mydriasis

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17
Q

which receptors does the a-receptor agonist have an affect on?

A

primarily on alpha-1 receptors with little effect on beta-receptors

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18
Q

a-receptor agonist affects on the eye

A
  • contraction of iris dilator (radial) muscle and smooth muscle of conjunctival arterioles
  • pupillary dilation
  • conjunctival blanching
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19
Q

what eyelid effect may come from an a-receptor agonist?

A

mueller’s muscle of the upper eye lid may be stimulated, which widens the palpebral fissure

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20
Q

describe phenylephrine’s effects and how long they last

Study These Flashcards
A
  • rapid effect, moderately prolonged action
  • max dilation usually 45-60mins
  • returns to pre-drug levels within 4-6 hours
21
Q

does phenylephrine affect the culinary muscle?

Study These Flashcards
A

no, the drug has little to no effect on the ciliary muscle, so mydriasis occurs without cycloplegia

22
Q

phenylephrine 1% indications

Study These Flashcards
A
  • diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome
  • b/c 1% can cause significant mydriasis in a pt with postganglionic lesion
  • not commercially available, must be compounded
23
Q

phenylephrine 2.5% indications

Study These Flashcards
A
  • generally recommended concentration, especially in infants and elderly pts
  • funduscopy, refraction without cycloplegia, pupillary dilation in uveitis, open angle glaucoma, mydriasis in ocular surgeries
24
Q

phenylephrine 10% indications

Study These Flashcards
A
  • posterior synechiae prevention in anterior uveitis or post-iridectomy
  • breaking posterior synechiae
  • mydriasis in ocular surgery
25
2 aspects of a2 adrenergic receptors and what they do
- adrenergic nerve terminals decrease NE | - pancreatic beta-islet cells decrease insulin secretion
26
activation of B1 receptors has what effect?
- increase HR - increase contractility - increase conduction velocity
27
activation of B2 receptors has what effect?
- tracheal/bronchial relaxation - uterine relaxation - circulatory dilation - production of aqueous humor
28
2 main ocular structures related to aqueous humor dynamics are
- the ciliary body epithelium: the site of aqueous humor production - the trabecular meshwork and the uveoscleral pathway: the principle locations of aqueous humor outflow
29
the direct acting injectable adrenergic agonist epinephrine (adrenaline) has what indications and stimulates what receptors?
indications: cardiac, acute bronchodilator, allergic reactions stimulates: alpha, beta, and beta2 adrenergic receptors
30
the direct acting injectable adrenergic agonist norepinephrine has what indications and stimulates what receptors?
indications: cardiac stimulates: beta1, alpha adrenergic - causes increased contractility, HR, and vasoconstriction
31
the direct acting injectable adrenergic agonist isoproterenol has what indications and stimulates what receptors resulting in
- cardiac indications - stimulates B1 and B2 - results in relaxation of bronchial, GI, and uterine smooth muscle, increased HR and contractility, vasodilation of peripheral vasculature
32
what is an immediate precursor to norepinephrine that occurs naturally in the CNS where it functions as a NT
dopamine
33
where are dopaminergic receptors located?
in the peripheral mesenteric (intestines) and renal vascular beds, where binding of dopamine produces vasodilation
34
receptors and action of Clonidine (Catapres)
stimulates a2 adrenoceptors in the brain stem -activating an inhibitory neuron -> reduced sympathetic outflow from the CNS -> decrease in peripheral resistance, renal vascular resistance, HR, and BP
35
how does albuterol work?
relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by action on beta2 receptors with little effect on HR
36
how do amphetamine and fextroamphetaine (Adderall) work?
they are noncatecholamine, sympathomimetic amines that promote release of catecholamines (primarily dopamine and norepinephrine)
37
how do adrenergic antagonists work?
bind to adrenoceptors preventing activation by endogenous catecholamines
38
how do alpha adrenergic antagonists work?
- block a adrenoreceptors affect blood pressure | - blockage of these receptors reduced the sympathetic tone
39
some alpha blockers are used in the treatment of:
-benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) via relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate
40
how can a1 alpha blockers be used for hypertension?
competitively inhibits postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptors which results in vasodilation of veins and arterioles and a decrease in total peripheral resistance and blood pressure
41
3 examples of a1 alpha blockers used to treat HTN
1. Prasozin (Minipress) 2. Terazosin (Hytrin) - also for BPH 3. Doxazosin (Cardura) - also for BPH
42
5 examples of a1 alpha blockers used to treat BPH
1. tamulosin (Flomax) 2. Terazosin (Hytrin) -also for HTN 3. Doxazosin (Cardura) - also for HTN 4. Alfuzosin (Uroxatral) 5. Silodosin (Rapaflo)
43
ophthalmic caution or warning for using a1 adrenergic antagonists
intraoperative floppy iris syndrome in cataract and glaucoma surgery patients
44
beta blockers are classified as either:
- non-cardioselective | - cardioselective
45
which B receptors are blocked in non-cardioselective vs. cardioselective
non-cardioselective: B1 and B2 | cardioselective: mostly B1
46
2 important cardioselective beta blockers
- metaprolol (lopressor) | - atenolol (tenormin)
47
how and why are ophthalmic beta blockers used?
-treatment of elevated IOP in chronic open-angle glaucoma -reduced aqueous production (cardioselective and non-cardioselective)
48
list of ophthalmic non-cardioselective beta blockers
- timolol (timoptic) - levobunolol (betagan) - metipranolol - carteolol
49
example of an ophthalmic cardioselective beta blocker
betaxolol (Betoptic-S)

Pharmacology I (21 decks)

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