Calcium Homeostasis: Bone and calcification hormones (pharmacology) Flashcards

1
Q

Five functions of calcium

A

Nerve conductivity
Signal transduction
Blood coagulation
Muscle contraction
Formation and modulation of bone.

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2
Q

Three functions of phosphate

A

Metabolic factor required in all ATP-dependent reactions.
Lipid metabolism
Calcium regulation

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3
Q

Name the protein that carries calcium from GIT and deposits it in the blood

A

Calbindin

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4
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hypercalcaemia? (4)

A

-Anorexia
-Muscle weakness, fatigue
-Constipation
-Abdominal pain

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5
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcaemia?

A

Immobilisation in children
Familial benign hypercalcaemia
Hyperthyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Hypervitaminosis D

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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

-Laryngospasms
-Convulsions
-Tetany
-Muscle cramps
-Paraesthesia, increased neuromuscular excitability

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7
Q

What causes hypocalcaemia

A

Low calcium levels due to diet.
Low calcium levels due to low PTH.

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8
Q

What are the two vitamin D disorders

A

Hypervitaminosis D
Vitamin D deficiency

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9
Q

Why do women have a high incidence of osteoporosis?

A

Type 1 primary osetoporosis follows oestrogen deficiency during menopause.

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10
Q

Treatments for osteoporosis (6)

A

Calcium
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
Bisphosphonates
Thiazides
SORMs

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11
Q

First line of treatment for hypercalcaemia

A

Supplement with NaCl for hydration

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12
Q

Other treatments for hypercalcaemia

A

Bisphosphonates
Sodium phosphate
Plicamycin
Calcitonin

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13
Q

Treatment for hypocalcaemia (2)

A

CaCl2, Calcium gluconate

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14
Q

Therapeutic uses of vitD

A

Osteomalacia
Rickets caused by diet
Hypoparathyroidism
Renal osteodystrophy

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of Bisphosphonates

A

They inhibit the enzyme responsible for the attachment of osteoclast to bone, inhibiting osteoclast activity.

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16
Q

Primary regulators of bone mass (3)

A

Physical activity
Calcium intake
Reproductive and endocrine status

17
Q

What are the disease conditions of bone and mineral homeostasis? (7)

A

-Hypercalcaemia
-Hypocalcaemia
-Hyperphosphataemia
-Hypophosphataemia
-Hypervitaminosis D
-Vitamin D deficiency
-Osteoporosis

18
Q

Differentiate btwn the two types of osteoporosis

A

PRIMARY OSTEOPOROSIS
•Type 1- follows oestrogen deficiency in menopause.
•Type 2- poor bone remodelling after decreased calcium intake and increases PTH.

SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS
-Following an illness or medication