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A & P II > A & P LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

A & P LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. drains excess interstitial fluid
  2. transports dietary lipids (fat)
  3. carries out immune response
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2
Q

order of lymphatic flow

A

lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> regional lymph nodes -> lymphatic trunks -> lymphatic ducts

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3
Q

2 pumps - lymph flow

A

-respiratory pump: pressure changes during inhalation
-skeletal muscle pump: milking action of calf muscles (compress forces upward)

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4
Q

what does left lymphatic (thoracic) duct drain?

A

L head
Neck
L upper body
L & R lower body

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5
Q

what does right lymphatic duct drain?

A

R upper body & head

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6
Q

what does bronchomediastinal drain?

A

heart
lungs
thoracic cavity

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7
Q

Cisterna of Chyli

A

structure in abdomen that drains to left lymphatic duct
-collects lymph from lumbar & interstitial trunks

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8
Q

what is a lacteal?

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries (around small intestines) that absorb fat

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9
Q

primary lymphatic organs

A

(where stem cells divide & differentiate into immune cells)
-red bone marrow
-thymus

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10
Q

secondary lymphatic organs & tissues

A

(where immune responses occur)
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-lymphatic nodules

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11
Q

where are B-cells born & mature?

A

born: red bone marrow
mature: red bone marrow

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12
Q

types of B-cells

A

plasma (Pm)
memory (Bm)

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13
Q

where are T-cells born & mature?

A

born: red bone marrow
mature: thymus

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14
Q

types of T-cells

A

T-helper cells (CD4 -> MCH II)
Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8 -> MCH I)
Memory T-cells (Tm)

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15
Q

Lymph node regions

A

(T-cell sandwich)
CORTEX:
-outer: B-cells in lymphatic nodules
-inner: T-cells & dendritic cells
MEDULLA: B-cells, antibody producing plasma cells & macrophages

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16
Q

mechanisms of fluid balance

A

(all of the above)
-anchoring filament
-overlapping
-pressure difference

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17
Q

root of travel within lymph nodes

A

afferent vessels -> subcapsular sinus -> trabecular sinus -> medullary sinus -> OUT through efferent vessels at hilum

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18
Q

patches of lymphatic tissue (nodules)

A

MALT: mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

19
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY

A

1st line of defence (born with): skin & hair, mucous, cilia, gastric juices, fatty acids, lysosomes
2nd line of defence (acquired over lifetime): internal antimicrobial substances, NK cells (perforins, granzymes, granulysin), phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), inflammation, fever

20
Q

killer cells

A

NK cells
T-cells

21
Q

killing enzymes

A

perforins (stabbers)
granzymes (apoptosis)
granulysin

22
Q

5 phases of phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. ingestion
  4. digestion
  5. death
23
Q

S & S of inflammation

A

S - swelling
H - heat
A - altered function
R - redness
P - pain

24
Q

3 stages of inflammation

A
  1. V - vasodilation & increased permeability
  2. E - emigration of phagocytes
  3. T - tissue repair (remodelling)
25
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A

-antibody mediated (B-cells): B cells (produce plasma cells), memory B-cells, plasma cells
-cell mediated (T-cells): helper T-cells, cytotoxic cells, memory T-cells

26
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

B-cells
macrophages
dendritic cells

27
Q

lymphatic vs. blood capillaries

A

lymphatic capillaries are larger & more permeable

28
Q

cell differentiation into another cell

A

pluripotent stem cell (ability to morph into many other different cells)

29
Q

what kind of cells live inside lymph nodes?

A

B-cells
T-cells
macrophages

30
Q

inguinal lymph node

A

in / near groin

31
Q

SPLEEN - red pulp vs. white pulp

A

red pulp: RBC death
white pulp: B & T-cells carry out immune functions

32
Q

what tonsils do you get removed?

A

palatine tonsils

33
Q

what antibody (immunoglobulin) activates B-cells?

A

IgD

34
Q

what antibody is found in breast milk?

A

IgA

35
Q

Type I anaphylactic hypersensitivity (antibody)

A

IgE

36
Q

what antibody is most abundant (80%), crosses placenta, and has long term immunity

A

IgG

37
Q

what antibody is 1st, short lived, & activates compliment system?

A

IgM

38
Q

what cells produces antibodies (immunoglobulins)?

A

B cells / plasma cells

39
Q

this type of allergic reaction involves antibodies & antigen ONLY

A

type II cytotoxic reaction

40
Q

T helper cells bind __ to active __

A

MHC II , activate B cells

41
Q

cytotoxic T cells bind __ in __

A

MHC I, in cell mediated

42
Q

what 3 things activate the compliment system?

A
  1. when antibodies bind antigens
  2. lipids & carbs on microbes
  3. macrophages release lectins
43
Q

what 3 things result from the compliment system?

A
  1. increase phagocytosis
  2. histamine is released
  3. formation of membrane attack complex

A & P II (9 decks)

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