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A & P II > A & P - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

A & P - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

ENDOCRINE & EXOCRINE secretions

A

ENDOCRINE: secrete into BLOODSTREAM
EXOCRINE: secrete into DUCTS

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2
Q

FAT soluble hormones

A

directly enter cells nucleus which change DNA being expressed

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3
Q

WATER soluble hormones

A

require first & second messengers because they are unable to enter cell

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4
Q

what is required to make a thyroid hormone?

A

IODINE & TYROSINE

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5
Q

NITRIC OXIDE

A

-is a gas
-acts both as transmitter & hormone
-produced in endothelial cells that line blood vessels
-is a potent VASODILATOR

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6
Q

EICOSANOIDS

A

Increase inflammation
Leukotrienes & prostaglandins
Act as signalling hormones
NOT fat soluble
made of arachidonic acid

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7
Q

Where do the nervous system & endocrine system most directly communicate?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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8
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor is produced in the liver in response to which hormone from the pituitary gland?

A

Human Growth hormone

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9
Q

Which hormones stimulate maturation of Oocytes in females?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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10
Q

Which hormone stimulates sperm production in males?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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11
Q

Which hormone triggers ovulation in hormones?

A

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

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12
Q

Which hormones are stored & released in the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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13
Q

Which tissues are targets for oxytocin?

A

Uterus & breasts (mammary glands)

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14
Q

Substances produced by the thyroid gland

A

T3
T4
Thyroid binding globulin (TBG) - thyroglobulin

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15
Q

Effects of the thyroid gland

A

Increase BMR
Enhance catecholamines
Regulates development & growth of nervous & bone tissue

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16
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus

A

TRH
GHRH
GHIH
NOT Thyroid stimulating hormone

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17
Q

What promotes thyroid gland secretion?

A

Low levels of T3 & T4 in blood
Increase TRH from hypothalamus
Increase TSH secretion from anterior pituitary
High blood Ca2+
Low BMR
NOT high levels of T3 & T4 in blood

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18
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

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19
Q

When calcitonin secretion of the thyroid gland increases…

A

Osteoclast activity decreases so blood calcium levels decrease

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20
Q

When parathyroid hormone levels increase…

A

Osteoclast activity increases, so blood calcium level increases

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21
Q

Low levels of blood calcium would directly result in…

A

Increase PTH, decreased Calcitonin

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22
Q

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
NOT cortisol

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23
Q

ZONA GLOMERULUS

A

Secretes ALDOSTERONE

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24
Q

ZONA FASCICULATA

A

Secretes CORTISOL

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25
Q

ZONA RETICULARIS

A

Secretes ANDROGENS

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26
Q

Pancreatic alpha & beta cells produce…

A

ALPHA → glucagon
BETA → insulin

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27
Q

Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis in which type of cells?

A

Hepatocytes

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28
Q

Promoting & suppressing appetite

A

PROMOTE = Ghrelin
SUPPRESS = Leptin

29
Q

Which systems are NOT inhibited during a stress response (think running from a bear – you won’t want to “eat” or “pee”)

A

Cardiovascular system = BEING USED
Urinary system
Digestive system
Reproductive system

30
Q

What triggers the release of RENIN from the kidneys?

A

Decrease in BP

31
Q

What promotes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands?

A

Angiotensin II, from LUNGS

32
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increase BP
Increase Na/ Cl reabsorption
Increase K+ secretion
DOES NOT increase urine output

33
Q

Paracrine hormones

A

act on neighbouring cells

34
Q

Autocrine hormones

A

act on themselves

35
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis
(75% of total weight)

36
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis
(neural tissue)

37
Q

Hypothalamus Capillaries

A

drain through hypophyseal portal system to capillaries in the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

38
Q

what does the Hypophyseal Portal System connect?

A

connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary (blood supply)

39
Q

What is going to change the activities of hypothalamus?

A

Concentration of hormones in blood (has direct effect on hypothalamus)

40
Q

low levels in blood of T3 & T4

A

promotes thyroid gland secretions

41
Q

Estrogen & progesterone

A

secreted from glands

42
Q

HCG stimulates…

A

Corpus Luteum

43
Q

stress response - chronic stress

A

Leads to adrenal burnout

44
Q

5 main glands in endocrine system

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal

45
Q

Hormones affecting a local / distal environment in 3 ways

A

Autocrine = same cell
Paracrine = neighboring
Endocrine = into bloodstream

46
Q

Response of a target cell to a hormone depends on 3 things

A

Hormone concentration in blood
Abundance of hormone receptors
Influence exerted by other hormones

47
Q

THYMUS (thymosin)

A

increase T cell development

48
Q

melatonin

A

source: pineal gland
darkness increases melatonin which increases sleep

49
Q

anterior pituitary gland - cells types (5)

A

somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophs

50
Q

infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to pituitary gland - blood flow

A

blood flows from hypothalamus to pituitary

51
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

decrease BP

52
Q

what does T3 & T4 do and where does it come from

A

thyroid follicular cells
increase BMR

53
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

aldosterone & cortisol (cerebral cortex)
calcitrol (kidneys)
testosterone (testes)
estrogen & progesterone (ovaries)

54
Q

water soluble hormones

A

peptides
protein hormones
eicosanoids

55
Q

what do somatotrophs produce

A

human growth hormone

56
Q

what do thyrotropes secrete

A

thyroid hormone

57
Q

what do gonadotrophs make

A

FSH & LH

58
Q

what do lactotrophs secrete

A

prolactin

59
Q

in a lipid soluble hormone, where are the receptors?

A

inside target cell

60
Q

3 functions of transport proteins

A

make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water soluble
slow down filtration
provides hormones in bloodstream

61
Q

decrease of blood pressure in kidneys causes…

A

increased renin secretion

62
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete

A

ACTH
MSH

63
Q

2 releasing inhibiting hormones

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

64
Q

what regulates metabolism

A

growth hormone

65
Q

liver produces what

A

insulin growth factors

66
Q

what does glucagon produce & what does it do

A

alpha cells

increase blood glucose

67
Q

what does insulin produce & what does it do

A

beta cells
decrease blood glucose

68
Q

what does somatostatin produce & what does it do

A

delta cells

inhibits both glucagon & insulin

A & P II (9 decks)

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