Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology II > HEART LECTURE > Flashcards

HEART LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

the cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

the three types of blood vessels are the veins, arteries, and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the heart?

A

a four-chambered muscular pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

arteries are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

veins are responsible for carrying blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are capillaries?

A

capillaries are tiny networks of veins and arteries that supply blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the cardiovascular system?

A

the cardiovascular system is divided into the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

the pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which side of the heart makes up the pulmonary circuit?

A

the right side of the heart makes up the pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which vessels does the pulmonary circuit use in order to transport deoxygenated blood?

A

the pulmonary circuit uses the pulmonary arteries in order to transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which vessels does the pulmonary circuit use in order to transport oxygenated blood?

A

the pulmonary circuit uses pulmonary veins in order to transport oxygenated blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

A

the systemic circuit is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the entire body and returning deoxygenated blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which side of the heart makes up the systemic circuit?

A

the left side of the heart makes up the systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which vessel does the systemic circuit use to supply oxygenated blood to the body?

A

the systemic circuit utilizes the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which vessels does the systemic circuit use in order to return deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

the systemic circuit uses the superior/ inferior vena cava to return deoxygenated blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

the heart is located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity (between the lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How large is the heart?

A

the heart is approximately the same size as your fist; weighing ~10oz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the positioning of the heart?

A

the inferior portion of the heart (the apex) is slightly tilted left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

the pericardium is the tough fibrous tissue sac that encloses the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What fluid is the pericardium filled with?

A

the pericardium is filled with pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of pericardial fluid?

A

pericardial fluid allows the heart to beat with relatively no friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the clinical condition: percarditis

A

pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the cause of percarditis?

A

pericarditis is due to dryness of the membrane and increased friction during each heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

the three layers of the heart are the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the epicardium layer of the heart?

A

the epicardium is the thin, smooth and moist serous layer; most superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the myocardium layer of the heart?

A

the myocardium is the thick, cardiac muscle of the heart; middle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does the contraction of the heart occur?

A

contraction of the heart occurs in the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the endocardium layer of the heart?

A

the endocardium is the smooth, inner lining of the chambers and valves; most deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are the right/ left atria located?

A

the right/ left atria are the most superior chambers of the heart; superior to the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the right/ left atria

A

the right/ left atria receive blood returning to the heart and pump it into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the interatrial septum?

A

the interatrial septum is responsible for separating the right/ left atria from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are the right/ left ventricles located?

A

the right/left ventricles are the inferior chambers of the heart; inferior to the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of the right/ left ventricles?

A

the right/ left ventricles are responsible for pumping blood into the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the muscular walls of the atria.

A

the atria have thin muscular walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the muscular walls of the ventricles.

A

the ventricles have thick muscular walls; especially the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall significantly thicker than its neighboring chambers?

A

the left ventricle wall is responsible for pumping the blood further away from the heart; requiring more force output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

the interventricular septum separates the right/ left ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

the heart valves ensure that blood flows in only one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

the atrioventricular valves prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is another term for the right atrioventricular valve?

A

another term for the right atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is another term for the left atrioventricular valve?

A

another term for the left atrioventricular valve is the bicuspid/ mitral valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the acronym LAMB stand for?

A

the acronym “lamb” stands for “left atrium mitral/ bicuspid”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

chordae tendineae are string-like cords that attach the valves to papillary muscles of the floor of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

the semilunar valves are responsible for preventing backflow from the great arteries into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar vales have?

A

the semilunar valves have three cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the first step of valve mechanics?

A

the first step of valve mechanics occurs when the ventricles relax and pressure drops; the semilunar valves close and the atrioventricular valves open allowing blood to flow into the ventricles from the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the second step of valve mechanics?

A

the second step of valve mechanics occurs when the ventricles contract and the atrioventricular valves close; pressure and the semilunar valves open causing blood to flow into the great arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles during the second step of valve mechanics?

A

the papillary muscles are responsible for contracting and pulling on the chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many steps are there to valve mechanics?

A

valve mechanics is a two step process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

a heart murmur is the regurgitation (backward flow) of blood through valves that are not functioning properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe the pathway of blood in a way that starts and end in the right atrium.

A
  • right atrium
  • right atrioventricular valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
  • pulmonary arteries
  • lungs
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left atrioventricular valve
  • aortic semilunar valve
  • aortic artery
  • anatomical systems
  • superior/ inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the function of the coronary circulation?

A

the function of the coronary circulation is to nourish the heart wall/ every cell in the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What makes up the coronary circulation?

A

the coronary circulation is made up of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe the amount of time the heart beats over the course of one human life span.

A

the heart rate of the average person is 75 beats/ min for 80 years; at rest the heart beats ~3 billion times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many primary branches does the left coronary artery have?

A

the left coronary artery has two primary branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the function of the anterior interventricular artery?

A

the anterior interventricular artery supplies the anterior walls of the right/ left ventricles with blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is another term for the left anterior interventricular artery and why?

A

the left anterior interventricular artery is also known as the “widow maker” because it is the primary causation of myocardial infarctions (heart attacks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the function of the circumflex artery?

A

the circumflex artery is responsible for supplying the left atrium and posterior wall of the left ventricle with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What side of the heart does the circumflex artery pass over?

A

the circumflex artery passes over the left side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How many primary branches does the right coronary artery have?

A

the right coronary artery is made up of two primary branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What two vessels make up the primary branches of the left coronary artery?

A

the two vessels that make up the primary branches of the left coronary artery are the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What two vessels make up the primary branches of the right coronary artery?

A

the two vessels that make up the primary branches of the right coronary artery are the right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the function of the right marginal artery?

A

the right marginal artery is responsible for supplying the right atrium and right ventricle with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Which side of the heart does the right marginal artery pass over?

A

the right marginal artery runs toward the apex of the heart but originates on the hearts lateral side; located anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the function of the posterior interventricular artery?

A

the posterior interventricular artery is responsible for supplying the posterior walls of the ventricle with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which side of the heart does the posterior interventricular artery of the heart run towards?

A

the posterior interventricular artery runs toward the apex of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which two coronary vessels form an anastomosis on the posterior portion of the heart?

A

the two coronary vessels that form an anastomosis of the posterior end of the heart are the posterior interventricular artery and the anterior interventricular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

a myocardial infarction is the sudden death of heart tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the cause of a myocardial infarction?

A

myocardial infarctions are a result of the sudden closing of a coronary blood vessel causing lack of blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the clinical condition: angina pectoris

A

angina pectoris is a reversible sense of heaviness or chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

When is angina pectoris most often experienced?

A

angina pectoris is often experiences during and episode of myocardial ischemia

66
Q

What is myocardial ischemia?

A

myocardial ischemia is a lack of blood flow in the heart

67
Q

What does is mean for something to be hypoxic?

A

to be hypoxic means it is lacking oxygen

68
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

an anastomosis is a connection between two arteries

69
Q

What is the function of an anastomosis?

A

an anastomosis is responsible for creating an alternative pathway for blood to flow to a certain area of the body

70
Q

What percentage of the venous drainage enters the right ventricle?

A

20% of the venous drainage enters the right ventricle

71
Q

What percentage of the venous drainage returns to the right atrium by way of the coronary sinus?

A

80% of the venous drainage returns to the right atrium by way of the coronary sinus

72
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

characteristics of cardiac muscle consist of it being short, thick with one nucleus; it also has actin-myosin and t-tubules with cations

73
Q

What are intercalated disks?

A

intercalated disks are thick connections that connect the myocytes end-to-end

74
Q

What is happens to the cardiac cells if an individual cell becomes active?

A

if one cardiac cell becomes active the rest become active as well

75
Q

What is the function of electrical gap junctions?

A

electrical gap junctions form channels that allow ions to move from cell to cell

76
Q

Why is the electrical gap junction so important within the cardiac muscle (heart)?

A

the electrical gap junction allow one cell to stimulate its neighbors so that the entire myocardium acts as though it were a single cell

77
Q

What sort of energy does the heart need in order to contract?

A

the heart depends almost exclusively on aerobic regulation to produce ATP

78
Q

True or False: the heart is unable to be fatigued

A

true; a healthy heart does not fatigue

79
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

aerobic respiration is the process of using oxygen to fuel something

80
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

anaerobic respiration is the process of not using oxygen to fuel something

81
Q

What are the characteristics of the hearts metabolism?

A

the heart contains myoglobin stores, glycogen, mitochondria, and fatty acids

82
Q

What is the function of myoglobin in the heart?

A

the myoglobin within the heart is responsible for storing oxygen

83
Q

What is the function of the glycogen in the heart?

A

the glycogen within the heart is responsible for storing carbohydrates

84
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria within the heart?

A

the mitochondria fill ~25% of the cardiac cells and are responsible for creating power

85
Q

What is the function of the fatty acids within the heart?

A

the fatty acids within the heart are responsible for providing another method of fuel to the heart

86
Q

What does the term “myogenic” mean?

A

the terms “myogenic” means that the heartbeat originates within the heart

87
Q

What does the term “autorhythmic” mean?

A

the term “autorhythmic” suggests that something produces regular but spontaneous acts of depolarization

88
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial (sa) node?

A

the sinoatrial node is responsible for initiating the heartbeat and setting the hearts rate; the pacemaker

89
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

the sinoatrial node is located in the right atrium

90
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular (av) node?

A

the atrioventricular node is a second (and slightly slower) method of depolarization; relative to the sinoatrial node

91
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular (av) bundle/ bundle of his?

A

the atrioventricular bundle/ bundle of his is responsible for being a pathway for electrical signals from the atrioventricular node

91
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

the sinoatrial ode is located in the interatrial septum

92
Q

What are the right/left bundle branches?

A

the right/ left bundle branches are divisions of the atrioventricular bundle that enter the interventricular septum and descend to the heart apex

93
Q

What are the purkinje fibers?

A

the purkinje fibers are fibers that extend upward from the apex and spread throughout the ventricles

94
Q

What is a cardiac rhythm?

A

a cardiac rhythm is the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart

94
Q

What happens to the heart is its systolic phase?

A

in the systolic phase of the heart, the heart contracts

95
Q

what happens in the diastolic phase of the heart?

A

in the diastolic phase of the heart. the heart relaxes

96
Q

When does atrial contraction occur?

A

atrial contraction (systole) occurs during ventricular relaxation (diastole); visa versa

97
Q

How long does it take the ventricles to contract after the atriums have contracted?

A

after the atriums have contracted, it takes ~0.1s for the ventricles to contract

98
Q

What controls the sinus rhythm?

A

the sinus rhythm is controlled by the sinoatrial node

99
Q

What is the average heartbeat of an adult at rest?

A

the heart of and adult at rest typically beats ~70-80 beats/mm

100
Q

What is heart arrhytmia?

A

heart arrhythmia is abnormal cardiac rhythm

101
Q

What is the common causation of arrhythmia (heart block)?

A

the failure if any part of the heart conduction system to transmit signals is usually the result of disease

102
Q

Describe the resting membrane potential of the heart.

A

the resting membrane potential of the heart is not stable and begins at ~60mV while slowly depolarizing due to a slow influx of na+

103
Q

What is the “pacemaker potential” of the cardiac muscle?

A

the “pacemaker potential” is the slow depolarization of the hearts resting membrane potential

104
Q

When does cardiac action potential occur?

A

cardiac action potential occurs at a threshold of ~-40mV

105
Q

Which ion channels open during cardiac depolarization?

A

during cardiac depolarization, voltage-gated ca+ channels open; ca+ flows in

106
Q

Which ion channels open during cardiac repolarization?

A

during cardiac repolarization, k+ channels open; k+ flows out

107
Q

What is the threshold that needs to be reached before cardiac depolarization starts over again?

A

at -60mV k+ channels close and the cardiac depolarization cycle starts again

108
Q

Describe the process of impulse conduction to the myocardium.

A

the sinoatrial node travels quickly through the atria where the atrioventricular node slows the signal down and allows the ventricles to fill with blood; afterwards the atrioventricular bundle and purkinje fibers move the signal along the ventricles

109
Q

Why is it important that ventricular contraction is initiated at the beginning of the apex and spreads upwards?

A

it’s important that ventricular contraction starts at the apex because the blood needs to pushed upwards/ outwards into the pulmonary trunk and aorta

110
Q

What are monocytes?

A

monocytes are the contractile cells of the myocardium

111
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of monocytes?

A

monocytes have a stable resting membrane potential of ~-90mV

112
Q

What causes the “plateau” of the myocardial contractions to occur?

A

the “plateau” is caused by Ca2+ voltage-gated channels; prolongs the contraction

113
Q

What causes depolarization of the myocardium?

A

depolarization of the is caused by voltage-gated na+ channels

114
Q

What causes the repolarization of the myocardium to occur?

A

repolarization of the myocardium occurs when ca+2 channels close and voltage-gated k+ channels open; the cell returns to resting membrane potential

115
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ecg/ ekg)?

A

an electrocardiogram is the recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

116
Q

What does the p-wave on an electrocardiogram reflect?

A

the p-wave reflects the depolarization of the atria

117
Q

What does the qrs-complex on an electrocardiogram reflect?

A

the qrs-complex reflects the depolarization of the ventricles

118
Q

What does the t-wave on an electrocardiogram reflect?

A

the t-wave reflect the repolarization of the ventricles

119
Q

Which part of the cardiac cycle is not reflected on an electrcardiogram?

A

atrial repolarization occurs but is not reflected on an electrocardiogram

120
Q

What does an abnormal electrocardiogram suggest?

A

an abnormal electrocardiogram suggests that there are electrical conduction problems and approaching myocardial infarction (heart attack)

121
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A

the cardiac cycle consists of one complete contraction and the relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

122
Q

When does atrial contraction of the cardiac cycle occur (in relation to the ventricles)?

A

atrial contraction occurs while the ventricles are relaxed

123
Q

When does ventricular contraction of the cardiac cycle occur (in relation to the atriums)?

A

ventricular contraction occurs while the atria are relaxed

124
Q

What is the quiescent period of the cardiac cycle?

A

the quiescent period of the cardiac cycle occurs when all chambers are relaxed/ inactive

125
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system in reference to the vessels and their relationship to the heart.

A

the cardiovascular system is plumbing network of vessels (arteries and veins) with a motor (the heart) circulating the blood

126
Q

Describe the process the heart needs to undergo in order to eject blood.

A

to eject blood the right/ left ventricles need to generate a pressure that is greater than the pressure within the major arteries

127
Q

What sound does the heart make when it beats?

A

the heart makes a “lubb-dubb” sound when it beats

128
Q

what is the “lubb” sound the heart makes indicative of?

A

the “lubb” sound indicates that the atrioventricular valves are closing

129
Q

what is the “dubb” sound the heart makes indicative of?

A

the “dubb” sound indicates the closing of the semilunar valves

130
Q

What is the first phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

the first phase of the cardiac cycle is the quiescent period

131
Q

What is the second phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

the second phase of the cardiac cycle is atrial systole

132
Q

What occurs during the quiescent period of the cardiac cycle?

A

during the quiescent period all chambers are relaxed and blood flows from the atria into the ventricles

133
Q

What occurs during the atrial systole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

the sinoatrial node fires and the atria depolarizes; the p-wave appears on the electrocardiograph while the atria contract and force additional blood into the ventricles

134
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume (edv)?

A

the end-diastolic volume is the total amount of blood in ech ventricle after atrial systole - contraction; typically ~130ml

135
Q

Describe the process of isovolumetric contraction in reference to the ventricles.

A

the atria repolarizes and relaxes followed by the depolarization of the ventricles,
afterwards the ventricles contract and the rising pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close; blood has yet to be ejected

136
Q

Describe the process of ventricular ejection.

A

rising pressure in the ventricles open the semilunar valves causing a rapid ejection of the blood leading to a reduced ejection as pressure drops

137
Q

What is stroke volume (sv)?

A

stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle after contraction

138
Q

What is the average stroke volume?

A

the average stroke volume is ~70mL at rest

139
Q

What is an ejection fraction (ef)?

A

ejection fraction is the percentage of blood ejected by each ventricle

140
Q

Describe the ejection fraction at rest, during exercise, and with a diseased heart.

A

the ejection fraction during rest is ~54%, during exercise it’s ~90%, and in a diseased heart it is less than 50%

141
Q

What is the end-systolic volume (esv)?

A

end-systolic volume is the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle following ventricular systole (contraction)

142
Q

Describe the process of isovolumetric relaxation of the muscles.

A

ventricles repolarize and relax followed by the semilunar valves closing,
the atrioventricular valves remain closed and the ventricle expand but don’t fill; the process starts over

143
Q

What is cardiac output (q)?

A

cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute

144
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped per beat)

145
Q

What is the equation for finding the average resting cardiac output?

A

heart rate (75 beats/min) x stroke volume (70 ml/beats) = 5.0 L/min

146
Q

What is the equation for finding the max exercise cardiac output?

A

heart rate (200 beats/min) x stroke volume (110 ml/beats) = 22 L/min

147
Q

How is the heart rate measured?

A

the heart rate is measured from pulse

148
Q

What is the average heart rate for infants?

A

the average heart rate for infants is less than 120 beats/min

149
Q

What is the average heart rate for adults?

A

the average heart rate for adults is
60 - 80 beats/min

150
Q

What does the term “tachycardia” suggest?

A

the term “tachycardia” suggests a persistent heart rate of more than 100 beats/ min

151
Q

What are the likely causes of tachycardia?

A

likely causes of tachycardia are high levels of stress, anxiety, use of drugs, or disease

152
Q

What dies the term “brachycardia” suggest?

A

the term “brachycardia” suggests a persistent heart rate of less than 60 beats/ min

153
Q

What are likely causes of brachycardia?

A

likely causes of brachycardia are that the individual is sleeping or is an endurance athlete

154
Q

How is the regulation of heart rate determined?

A

the regulation of heart rate is determined by the tissues need of oxygen

155
Q

What does the term “intrinsic” indicate in reference to heart rate?

A

the term “intrinsic” in reference to heart rate indicates that the sinoatrial node sets the resting heart rate

156
Q

What does the term “extrinsic” indicate in reference to heart rate?

A

the term “extrinsic” indicates that the autonomic nervous system can modify the heart rate

157
Q

Where is the cardioacceleratory center housed?

A

the cardioacceleratory center is housed in the medulla oblongata

158
Q

What is the first step of the cardioacceleratory center if it is trying to modify the heart rate?

A

the first step is that the sympathetic neurons from the cardiac plexus innervate the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, myocardium, and coronary arteries

159
Q

What is the second step of the cardioacceleratory center if it is trying to modify the heart rate?

A

the second step it that when stimulated the sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine that attaches to the beta-receptors and causes an increases heart rate and force of contraction

160
Q

What are beta-blockers?

A

beta-blockers are drugs that prevent and increase in the heart rate by blocking beta-receptors on the heart cell

161
Q

Where is the cardioinhibitory center located?

A

the cardioinhibitory center is housed in the medulla oblongata and arises from neurons in the medulla to make up the vagus nerve

162
Q

What is the first step of the cardioinhibitory center if it’s trying to modify the heart rate?

A

the parasympathetic neurons innervate the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes through the vagus nerve

163
Q

What is the second step of the cardioinhibitory center if it’s trying to modify the heart rate?

A

when the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes are stimulated, acetylcholine is released causing a decrease in activity for both nodes and slowing the heart rate

163
Q

Why does the release of acetylcholine during cardio inhibition cause a decrease in activity?

A

the release of acetylcholine causes a decrease in activity because it moves the resting membrane potential further from the threshold/ hyperpolarizes it

163
Q

What is the function of receptors in reference to the cardiovascular system?

A

receptors regularly send information to the higher brain center

163
Q

What is the function of baroreceptors?

A

baroreceptors are responsible for sending continuous signals to the cardiac center of the brain

163
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

baroreceptors are pressure sensor in the aorta and carotid vessels

Anatomy and Physiology II (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions