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Anatomy and Physiology II > HEART LAB > Flashcards

HEART LAB Flashcards

1
Q

What organ is the center of the cardiovascular system?

A

the heart

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

the heart is located between the lungs and deep within the mediastinum of the thorax

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3
Q

Where is the mediastinum specifically located?

A

the mediastinum is located between the sternum, lungs, and thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the “pointy” portion of the heart called?

A

the pointy end is called the apex and extends to the left where it rests of the diaphragm next to the fifth intercostal space

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5
Q

What is the superior portion of the heart called?

A

the superior portion of the heart is called the base and it lies beneath the second rib; it is where the great vessels emerge

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6
Q

What are vessels that return blood to the heart called?

A

vessels that return blood to the heart are called veins

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7
Q

What are vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries

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8
Q

Parietal Pericardium/ Pericardial Sac

A

the double-walled sac that you would find if you opened the chest cavity; the initial structure

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9
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardial sac called?

A

the tough outer layer is called the “fibrous percardium” which anchors the heart to the mediastinum; the thin inner layer is called the “serous pericardium” that follows the outer layer of the heart

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10
Q

Pericardial/ Serous Fluid

A

pericardial/ serous fluid allows the heart to beat relatively frictionless

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11
Q

What is an inflammation of the pericardium called?

A

an inflammation of the pericardium is called “pericarditis”

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12
Q

What would to the heart in the event of pericarditis?

A

in the event of pericarditis, the membranes of the heart may become dry and produce a painful “friction rub” with each heartbeat

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

the epicardium/ visceral pericardium; the myocardium; and the endocardium

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14
Q

Epicardium/ Visceral Pericardium

A

the thin, transparent outer layer of the heart

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15
Q

Myocardium

A

the middle layer of the heart wall responsible for contraction; the cardiac muscle of the heart

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16
Q

Endocardium

A

the thin layer of the endothelium that lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves; most internal layer of the heart walls

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17
Q

How many chambers is the heart divided into?

A

the heart is divided into four chambers

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18
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

the right/ left atrium and the right/left ventricles

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19
Q

What is an auricle?

A

the external earlike flap that covers each atrium

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20
Q

What separates the atriums from each other?

A

the atria are separated by a partition called the interatriial septum

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21
Q

Which atrium receives deoxygenated blood?

A

the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood

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22
Q

Which vessels distribute deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

A

the superior/ inferior venae cava and the coronary sinus

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23
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

the coronary sinus is the large vein that carries blood from the cardiac veins to the right atrium

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24
Q

Which atrium receives oxygenated blood?

A

the left atrium receives oxygenated blood?

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25
Q

Which vessels distribute oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

A

the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins

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26
Q

Patent Foramen Ovale

A

a small hole in the interatrial septum which allows fetal blood to cross the atria rather than be sent to the lungs

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27
Q

What percentage of adults have unclosed patent foramen ovale?

A

~25% of adults have unclosed patent foramen ovale which can lead to a stroke later on in life; the hole generally close due to increased bp in the left heart

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28
Q

Which ventricle receives deoxygenated blood?

A

the right ventricle pumps out deoxygentated blood

29
Q

What separated the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

A

the right/ left ventricles are separated by the interventricular septum

30
Q

Which ventricle receives oxygenated blood?

A

the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood

31
Q

Which vessel does the right ventricle pump deoxygenated blood into?

A

the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk; divides into the right/ left pulmonary arteries

32
Q

Which vessel does the left ventricle pump blood into?

A

the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

33
Q

Which vessels distribute newly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

the pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood into the right atrium

34
Q

What is the responsibility of the anterior/ posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

the anterior/ posterior interventricular sulcus separates the ventricle externally

34
Q

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

the coronary sulcus separates the atria from the ventricles

35
Q

How many valves does the heart contain?

A

the heart contains four valves

36
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A

the tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, and the pulmonary/ aortic semilunar valves

37
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

the tricuspid valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow between the right atrium and right ventricle

38
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid/ mitral valve?

A

the bicuspid/ mitral valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow between the left atrium and left ventricle

39
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

the pulmonary semilunar valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

40
Q

What is the function of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

the aortic semilunar valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow between the left ventricle and the aorta

41
Q

What are chordae tendinae?

A

chordae tendinae are the tiny white chords that anchor the valves to the papillary muscles

42
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

papillary muscles are the small muscles on the ventricular floors that attach to the chordae tendinae

43
Q

What is this clinical condition: Valvular Stenosis

A

valvular stenosis is when the cusps of the heart are stiffened by scar tissue

44
Q

What is a common cause of valvular stenosis?

A

a common cause of valvular stenosis is rheumatic fever

45
Q

What is the result of valvular stenosis?

A

the result of valvular stenosis is blood regurgitation and the subsequent “heart murmur”

46
Q

How does the heart get the nutrients it needs to sustain itself?

A

the heart get its nutrients from the blood in the coronary circulation

47
Q

The right/ left coronary arteries originate from which vessel?

A

the right/ left coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta

48
Q

The left coronary artery divide into which vessels?

A

the left coronary divides into both the anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch

49
Q

What is the function of the anterior interventricular branch?

A

it supplies blood to the right/ left ventricles

50
Q

What sulcus does the anterior interventricular branch follow?

A

the anterior interventricular branch follows the anterior interventricular sulcus

51
Q

What sulcus does the circumflex branch follow?

A

the circumflex branch follows the coronary sulcus; wrapping around the left side of the heart to the posterior end

52
Q

What is the function of the circumflex branch?

A

the circumflex branch supplies blood to the left atrium and the posterior wall of the left ventricle

53
Q

Which vessel does the left marginal branch originate from?

A

the left marginal branch originates from the circumflex branch and passes down the left side of the heart

54
Q

What is the function of the left marginal branch?

A

the left marginal branch is responsible for supplying blood to the left ventricle

55
Q

What is the function of the right coronary artery?

A

the right coronary artery is responsible for supplying blood to the right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

56
Q

The right coronary artery divides into which vessels?

A

the right coronary artery divides into both the posterior interventricular branch and the right marginal branch

57
Q

What is the function of the posterior interventricular branch?

A

the posterior interventricular branch is responsible for supplying blood to the posterior walls of the right/left ventricles

58
Q

Which sulcus does the posterior interventricular branch follow?

A

the posterior interventricular branch follows the posterior interventricular sulcus

59
Q

What is the function of the right marginal branch?

A

the right marginal branch supplies blood to the lateral aspect of the right atrium and right ventricle

60
Q

What pathway does the right marginal vein follow?

A

the right marginal vein runs towards the apex of the heart; located anteriorly

61
Q

What is the cause of many heart problems?

A

abnormal coronary circulation

62
Q

What is the clinical condition: angina pectoris

A

angina pectoris is an obstruction of the coronary blood flow that causes chest pains

63
Q

What are the symptoms of angina pectoris?

A

angina pectoris can result in a sense of heaviness/ pain in the chest

64
Q

What is the clinical condition: ischemia

A

a lack of blood flow to the cardiac muscle

65
Q

When does ischemia typically occur?

A

ischemia typically occurs when a partially blocked coronary artery constricts

66
Q

What is the clinical condition: myocardial infarction

A

a myocardial infarction “heart attack” is the death of a portion of the myocardium (heart muscle)

67
Q

What is the cause of myocardium death?

A

myocardium death is the result of a long-term obstruction of a coronary circulation

68
Q

What percentage of deaths in the US is due to myocardial infarctions “heart attacks”?

A

myocardial infarctions cause ~50% of all deaths in the united states

Anatomy and Physiology II (24 decks)

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