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Anatomy and Physiology II > BLOOD GASES LAB > Flashcards

BLOOD GASES LAB Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

the respiratory system function to provide oxygen to the body cells and remove carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What is the function of oxygen?

A

oxygen is used by the cells as a terminal electron receptor

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3
Q

What is the function of carbon dioxide?

A

carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration

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4
Q

Describe first step of cellular respiration.

A

atmospheric oxygen moves into the lungs and diffuses into the circulatory system

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5
Q

Describe the second step of cellular respiration.

A

inhaled oxygen reaches the body cells while carbon dioxide is released and travels to the lungs

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6
Q

Where is carbon dioxide initially released from?

A

carbon dioxide is initially released from the intercellular environment

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7
Q

How does carbon dioxide travel to the lungs?

A

carbon dioxide travels through the blood to the lungs

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8
Q

Describe the last step of cellular respiration.

A

carbon dioxide is released during exhalation

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9
Q

How many steps of cellular respiration are there?

A

there are three steps to cellular respiration

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10
Q

What is the result of too much carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

too much carbon dioxide in the blood result in the increases of hydrogen ion concentrations producing acidosis of the blood

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11
Q

When is carbon dioxide formed?

A

carbon dioxide is formed during aerobic cellular respiration

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12
Q

Which macromolecules break down in the process of forming carbon dioxide?

A

carbon dioxide is formed when glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids break down to create ATP

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13
Q

Which part of the blood does carbon dioxide travel through to get to the lungs?

A

carbon dioxide travels through the interstitial fluid of the blood

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14
Q

Describe the process of carbon dioxide leaving the body.

A

carbon dioxide diffuses across pulmonary capillaries and foes into the alveoli where it is exhaled

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15
Q

How many ways can carbon dioxide be transported through the bloodstream?

A

carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways

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16
Q

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide can be transported through the bloodstream?

A

carbon dioxide can travel as dissolved carbon dioxide, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions

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17
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported as a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)?

A

carbon dioxide is transported as a bicarbonate ion 70% of the time

18
Q

What is the first step of the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)?

A

carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid

19
Q

What is the chemical representation of the first step of (CO2) to (HCO-3)?

A

CO2 +H2O = H2CO3

20
Q

What is the second step of the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)?

A

the newly formed carbonic acid disassociates in water to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

21
Q

What is the chemical representation of the second step of (CO2) to (HCO-3)?

A

H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

22
Q

How many steps are there to the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions?

A

there are two steps

23
Q

What is the chemical equation for the formation of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions from carbon dioxide and water?

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3

24
Q

True or False: the ratio between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate/ hydrogen ions is constant

A

true; their levels rise and fall equally

25
Q

The pH of blood is determined by what?

A

the pH of blood is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood

26
Q

True or False: blood carbon levels decrease during exercise

A

false; blood carbon level increase during exercise

27
Q

Increased levels of hydrogen ions stimulate which chemoreceptors?

A

increased levels of hydrogen ions stimulate chemoreceptors in the brain, aortic arch, and carotid bodies

28
Q

What is the result of chemoreceptors being stimulated by increased hydrogen levels?

A

chemoreceptor stimulation causes an increased rate of breathing and the exhalation of carbon dioxide

29
Q

What happens when the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli exceeds 50mmHg in reference to breath holding?

A

when partial pressure exceeds 50mmHg the stimulus to breath is so strong that breath can no longer be held

30
Q

What is the point at which breath can no longer be held called?

A

it is called the “break point”

31
Q

When does loss of consciousness occur?

A

loss of consciousness occurs when oxygen in the alveoli is significantly reduced to 25 or 30mmHg

32
Q

What is the point of which an individual passes out due to low oxygen levels called?

A

it is called the “pass out point”

33
Q

Define hyperventilation.

A

hyperventilation is the increase of lung ventilation rate that is greater than needed for the existing metabolic rate

34
Q

What is the result of hyperventilation?

A

hyperventilation results in the decrease of carbon dioxide and subsequent decrease in blood acidosis

35
Q

Define hypocapnia.

A

the substantial decrease on blood CO2 levels; typically as a result of hyperventilation

36
Q

Describe why hyperventilation has no impact on breath holding ability.

A

hyperventilation has no affect of breath holding ability because the blood is always saturated with oxygen

37
Q

The physiology of breath holding involves which changes?

A

the physiology of breath holding involves respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory changes

38
Q

List a few clinical conditions caused by hyperventilation.

A

clinical conditions caused by hyperventilation are severe tetany or syncope

39
Q

Define tetany.

A

tetany is a clinical neurological syndrome characterized by laryngospasm and seizures

40
Q

Define syncope.

A

syncope is a loss of conscious and postural tone

Anatomy and Physiology II (24 decks)

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