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4 Cancer > Intro to benign and malignant disease > Flashcards

Intro to benign and malignant disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypertrophy? is it reversible?

A

increase in cell size
reversible

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2
Q

what is hyperplasia? is it reversible?

A

increase in cell number
reversible

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3
Q

what is atrophy? is it reversible?

A

reduction in cell size due to loos of cell substance
reversible

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4
Q

what is hypoplasia? is it reversible?

A

Reduced size of an organ that never developed to normal size
Developmental defect

not reversible

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5
Q

what is metaplasia? is it reversible?

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
reversible

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6
Q

what causes metaplasia?

A

adaptive response to stress, reprogramming of stem cells

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7
Q

is metaplasia a neoplastic disorder?

A

not in itself

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8
Q

metaplasia can manifest as ? and progress to ?

A

dysplasia
malignancy

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9
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal growth
pre-malignant and pre-invasive

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10
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

new growth -> disorder of growth control

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11
Q

what causes neoplasia?

A

change of the normal mechanisms that control cell number -> cell division and apoptosis

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12
Q

how are tumours classified?

A

by behaviour and histogenesis

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13
Q

what are the categories of tumour from behaviour?

A

benign and malignant

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14
Q

which one is benign and malignant?
growth pattern
1. Infiltrate locally and metastasise (spread)
2. Localised, encapsulated

A
  1. malignant
  2. benign
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15
Q

which one is benign and malignant?
growth rate
1. faster
2. slower

A
  1. malignant
  2. benign
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16
Q

which one is benign and malignant?
clinical effects
1. Local pressure effects, hormone secretions
2. Local pressure and destruction,
Inappropriate hormone secretion,
Distant metastases

A
  1. benign
  2. malignant
17
Q

which one is benign and malignant?
treatment
1. Local excision
2. Excision +/- additional therapy e.g. chemo

A
  1. benign
  2. malignant
18
Q

which one is benign and malignant?
histology
1. Variable, many differ from tissue of origin
2. Resembles tissue of origin

A
  1. malignant
  2. benign
19
Q

which one is benign and malignant?
nuclei
1. Small, regular, uniform
2. Larger pleomorphic (vary in size and shape)

A
  1. benign
  2. malignant
20
Q

which one is benign and malignant?
mitoses
1. Increased, often numerous, abnormal forms
2. Few, normal

A
  1. malignant
  2. benign
21
Q

tumours are classified by histogenesis, what does this mean?

A

the cell type they resemble - differentiation

22
Q

learn/recognise
histogenesis classification

A
23
Q

what is tumour prognosis?

A

prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease

24
Q

what is tumour prognosis determined by?

A

tumour:
type
grade
stage

25
Q

how does tumour type help determine prognosis?

A

Knowing patterns of spread aids diagnosis, staging and treatment

26
Q

what is tumour grade and how does it help determine prognosis?

A

Histological assessment of how well differentiated the tumour is

Well differentiated = better prognosis than poorly differentiated tumours

27
Q

what is tumour stage?

A

anatomically how advanced it is

28
Q

what is the major determinant for the prognosis and treatment of tumours?

A

tumour stage

29
Q

what classification is used to determine stage of most cancers?

A

‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’

30
Q

‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’
what does T mean?

A

extent of primary tumour

31
Q

‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’
what does N mean?

A

absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis (spread of tumour)

32
Q

‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’
what does M mean?

A

describes the absence or presence of distant metastasis

33
Q

in ‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’ each component is given a number
what does a higher number mean?

A

more extensive disease and poorer prognosis

34
Q
A

4 Cancer (15 decks)

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