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human biology | year 11 atar | semester one > 2.2 | Cell Structure | Year 11 HBIO > Flashcards

2.2 | Cell Structure | Year 11 HBIO Flashcards

Cell structure, according to Nelson Human Perspectives ATAR units 1 & 2 * Keep in mind, there are no diagrams here. Make sure to revise using diagrams before your test.

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1
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A subcellular structure that serves a purpose within a cell.

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The jelly-like material that fills all the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

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3
Q

What is suspended within the cytoplasm?

A

All organelles.

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4
Q

What’s the difference between the cytoplasm and cytosol?

A

One is the liquid part of the cytoplasm, and the other is the jelly-like substance.

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5
Q

Where do most metabolic reactions occur?

A

The cytoplasm.

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6
Q

What is the largest organelle in the cell?

A

The nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the nucleus’ function?

A

To store genetic information and to act as the cell’s control center.

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8
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

To separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores?

A

To allow large molecules, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), to enter and leave the nucleus.

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

To produce ribosomes.

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11
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

To join amino acids together to make proteins.

(Protein Synthesis)

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12
Q

Where can ribosomes be located inside a cell?

A

Free in the cytoplasm, or attached to membranes in the cell, such as the Golgi body and the RER.

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13
Q

What is the ER’s function?

A

Storage,
support, synthesis and transport within the cell.

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14
Q

What is the ER’s function?

A

Storage,
support, synthesis and transport within the cell.

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15
Q

Define metabolism.

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

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16
Q

Which organelle connects the nucleus to the cell membrane?

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum.

17
Q

What’s the difference between rough and smooth, ER?

A

One has ribosomes attached to it, while the other does not.

18
Q

Smooth ER is largely associated with..

A

Lipid manufacturing and metabolism.

19
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

To transport proteins.

20
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

To modify proteins and package them for secretion from the cell.

21
Q

How are vesicles created?

A
  • Proteins produced at the ribosomes pass through the channels of the ER to the Golgi Apparatus.
  • At the edges of the Golgi Apparatus’ membranes, small sacs of liquid containing proteins are formed, which are then surrounded by a membrane, forming vesicles.
22
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small spheres bound by a membrane.

23
Q

What are lysosomes formed by?

A

The Golgi Apparatus.

24
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

They contain digestive enzymes that break down substances and remove waste (incl. worn-down organelles)

25
Q

When particles or liquids are taken into a cell, what do they form?

A

Vesicles.

26
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

To allow for the release of energy through cellular respiration.

27
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.

28
Q

The folding of the mitochondrion’s inner membrane does what?

A

Produces a large surface area on which its chemical reactions can take place.

29
Q

What is the function of a centriole?

A

To separate chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis (cellular reproduction)

30
Q

Where are centrioles commonly located?

A

Near the nucleus.

31
Q

Describe the appearance of the cilium.

A

Short and numerous projections, resembling tiny hairs.

32
Q

Describe the appearance of the flagellum.

A

Long appendages of a cell, which aid in its movement.

33
Q

Which types of cells can a flagellum be found in?

A

Sperm cells, and amoeba.

34
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A framework of protein fibres that give the cell structure and assists in cell movement.

35
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consist of?

A

Microtubules and microfilaments.

36
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

Hollow rods that keep organelles in place or move them around the cell.

37
Q

What is a microfilament?

A

Hollow rods which move materials around the cytoplasm or move the entire cell.

38
Q

Define inclusions.

A

Chemical substances that are found in the cytoplasm but don’t make up part of the structure.

39
Q

Give examples of inclusions.

A
  • Melanin
  • Haemoglobin
  • Glycogen
  • Lipids

human biology | year 11 atar | semester one (20 decks)

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