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PARASITOLOGY > PRELIM LEC 3: CILIATES AND FLAGELLATES > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC 3: CILIATES AND FLAGELLATES Flashcards

1
Q

● Causes BALANTIDIASIS
● LARGEST PROTOZOAN
PARASITE affecting humans
● ONLY CILIATE capable of causing
DISEASE to HUMANS
● Normal host: PIGS
● HUMANS - accidental host

A

Balantidium Coli

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2
Q

INFECTIVE STAGE OF Balantidium
Coli

A

Balantidium Coli MATURE CYST

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3
Q

Balantidium Coli will inhabits the ______________

A

LARGE INTESTINE

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4
Q

MOT of Balantidium Coli

A

ingestion of contaminated food or water

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5
Q

Balantidium Coli TROPHOZOITE motility

A

football/throwball motility

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6
Q

● use for movement/locomotion
● Longitudinal pattern cilia
● CYTOSTOME - food acquisition
(mouth of the parasite)
● CYTOPYGE - waste excretion (anus
of the parasite)
● 2 nuclei
○ MACRONUCLEUS: bean -
shaped (vegetation)
○ MICRONUCLEUS - round -
shaped (reproduction)
● 2 contractile vacuoles
● Mucocysts - located beneath the
membrane
● football/throwball motility

A

Balantidium Coli TROPHOZOITE

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7
Q

● spherical /ovoid
● Covered with thick cell walls or
refractive double wall

A

Balantidium Coli CYST

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8
Q

BALANTIDIASIS
● Intestinal Ulceration is caused by __________
- ulcer is ROUND BASE and WIDE NECK

A

HYALURONIDASE

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9
Q

3 forms of BALANTIDIASIS
- DO NOT PRESENT WITH DIARRHEA or dysentery, but may serve as a parasite reservoir in the community.

A

ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIER

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10
Q

SUDDEN ONSET OF BALANTIDIASIS; involves diarrhea with bloody mucoid stools

A

Fulminant or balantidial dysentery

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11
Q

wherein diarrhea is alternate with constipation and results in abdominal pain and anemia.

A

Chronic form

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12
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS OF Balantidium coli

A
  • Direct Fecal Smear (DFS) & Concentration Techniques - (sedimentation or flotation) : microscopic demonstration of Trophozoites and Cysts
  • Lesions from sigmoidoscopy
  • bronchoalveolar washings
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13
Q

TREATMENTS
contraindicated in children <8 years of age
ADULTS & OLDER CHILDREN: 500 mg or 40 mg/kg/dose divided in 4 doses for 10 days

A

TETRACYCLINE

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14
Q

contraindicated in early pregnancy

A

Metronidazole

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15
Q
  • MOST COMMON cause of DIARRHEA WORLDWIDE
  • Known to cause epidemic and endemic diarrhea
  • Can grow and live in duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum of intestine
  • Causes GIARDIASIS
  • Only protozoan that is BILATERALLY SIMILAR
  • Other terms: Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia
A

Giardia duodenalis

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16
Q

1st discovered by _________in his own stool

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

17
Q

1st described by Lambl in 1859 who called it?

A

Cercomonas intestinalis

18
Q

It was later renamed Giardia lamblia by ________ in 1915.

A

Stiles

19
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: cyst and trophozoite in stool
● INFECTIE STAGE: MATURE CYST
○ Can survive in cold water
○ Responsible for the transmission of
Giardiasis
○ MOT: ingestion of contaminated food or water and fecal - oral route (on the
hands)
○ will multiply by longitudinal binary fission
○ Note: Each cyst produces 2
trophozoite

A

Giardia duodenalis

20
Q

● Pyriform or teardrop shaped
● Nucleus
○ 2 ovoidal nuclei each with large karyosome “old man with eyeglasses”
● Dorsal: convex
● Ventral: concave with sucking disk
(large adhesive disk that is used by
the parasite to attach in the
intestine.)
● Axostyle (medial line)
○ Can be seen if stool and smear are fresh
● 4 pairs of flagella
○ Floating leaf-like motility

A

Giardia duodenalis TROPHOZOITE

21
Q

● Nucleus
○ Immature: 2
○ Mature: 4
○ Shape: Ovoid
● 1 mature cyst give rise to 2
trophozoite
○ If the cyst is immature, flagella is retracted to the axonemes
○ if it transforms to trophozoite, flagella will come out.

A

Giardia duodenalis CYST

22
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

A
  1. Maximal at body temperature and stable at a pH of 7.8 - 8.2
  2. Production of lectin
  3. Decreased maltase and sucrase activities
  4. Rearrange the cytoskeleton in human colonic and duodenal monolayers
  5. Disrupt the cellular tight junctions and increase epithelial permeability
23
Q

DIAGNOSIS of Giardia duodenalis

A
  • PARASITIC DIAGNOSIS
    Specimen: Stool, duodeno-jejunal Aspirates
  • Stool Microscopy
  • Direct Wet Mount Examination
  • Concentration Techniques (FECT,
  • ENTERO - TEST/STRING TEST
  • Immunochromatographic assays - detect CWP1(Cyst Wall Protein 1)
24
Q

TREATMENT

A

METRONIDAZOLE - oral, 250 mg 3x a
day for 5-7 days

25
Q

alternative drugs of Giardia lamblia

A

TINIDAZOLE
FURAZOLIDONE
ALBENDAZOLE

26
Q
  • MOT: sexually transmitted
  • Habitat: Genitalia/Gut
  • Women - in vagina but may ascend as far as the renal pelvis.
  • Parasite can be isolated from the urethra, prostate, and less frequently, in the epididymis in men.
    trophozoites multiply by binary fission, -
  • DOES NOT HAVE CYST FORM & trophozoite cannot live or survive well in external environment
    transferred passively from person to person
  • Usual MOT: sexual intercourse.
A

Trichomonas vaginalis (Ping - Pong’s Disease)

27
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: trophozoite
INFECTIVE STAGE: Trichomonas vaginaliS TROPHOZOITE
- Multiply by ____________

A

LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION

28
Q

● Pyriform shape
● Single nucleus
● Undulating membrane: 1⁄2 of the body
○ JERKY MOTILITY
● Median axostyle
● 5 flagella

A

Trichomonas vaginalis TROPHOZOITE

29
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
- Speculum examination: ____________(due to the hemorrhage of genitals)

A

STRAWBERRY CERVIX

30
Q
  • Trichomonas infection in males may be latent and essentially asymptomatic.
    ___________: most common complication
A

PROSTATITIS

31
Q

TREATMENTS

A

Metronidazole & Tinidazole

32
Q

HABITAT: intestines
SIZE: 7-13 um
NUCLEUS: ovoidal
UNDULATING MEMBRANE: as long as the body
INCLUSION BODIES: none

  • detected to differentiate from the Trichomonas vaginalis
  • MOT: fecal contamination of food
    and water
A

Trichomonas hominis

33
Q

HABITAT: oral cavity
SIZE: 5-12 um
NUCLEUS: rounded
UNDULATING MEMBRANE: 2/3 of the body
INCLUSION BODIES: none

  • MOT: Kissing, droplets from the mouth, sharing of contaminated dishes and drinking glasses.
  • Can be a commensal of human mouth
A

Trichomonas tenax

34
Q

HABITAT: gut/genitalia
SIZE: 7-23 um
NUCLEUS: ovoidal
UNDULATING MEMBRANE: 1/2 of the body
INCLUSION BODIES: siderophil granules

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

35
Q

● Habitat: cecal region of the large intestine
● MOT: ingestion of cysts in food and
drinks
● HARMLESS COMMENSAL PARASITE
● Can be diagnosed with microscopic
examinations of feces
● No treatment is indicated

A

Chilomastix mesnili

36
Q

○ Asymmetrically pear - shaped
○ Boring and spiral forward
movement
○ 3 anterior free flagella and 1
within the prominent cytostome

A

Chilomastix mesnili TROPHOZOITE

37
Q

○ Pear or lemon-shaped
○ Hematoxylin and eosin: single large vestibular nucleus, cytostome and fibril on either side of the cytostome

A

Chilomastix mesnili CYST

PARASITOLOGY (23 decks)

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