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PARASITOLOGY > FINALS: INTESTINAL TREMATODES > Flashcards

FINALS: INTESTINAL TREMATODES Flashcards

1
Q

INTESTINAL TREMATODE
Phylum ?

A

Platyhelminthes

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2
Q
  • Prevalent in Southeast Asia, lives in human and pigs’ intestine
  • GIANT/LARGE INTESTINAL FLUKE
  • Only member of its family (Fascioliidae) to invade the small
    intestine
  • causes Fasciolopsiasis
A

Fasciolopsis buski

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3
Q
  • Oval in shape
  • Slightly yellow in color
  • 20 – 75mm in length, and 8 – 20mm in width; the largest helminth
    egg
  • Thinner shell with an operculum encloses an ovum and 20 – 40
    yolk cells
  • UNEMBRYONATED when passed in feces
  • Difficult to distinguish from Fasciola hepatica, although the abopercular end of the latter often has a roughened or irregular
    area
A

Fasciolopsis buski EGG

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4
Q
  • Measure 20 – 75mm long (look like a slice of raw meat)
  • Hermaphroditic
  • The ventral sucker is larger and near by the much smaller oral
    sucker
  • Two coral-liked testes located in the posterior half of the body
  • No seminal receptacle
A

Fasciolopsis buski ADULT

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5
Q

Fasciolopsis buski IH

A

o 1st intermediate host
▪ Snail
* Genus Segmentina or Hippeutis
o 2nd intermediate host
▪ Aquatic plants
* Trapa bicornis (water caltrop)
* Eliocharis tuberosa (water chestnut)
* Ipomea obscural (morning glory or
kangkong)
* Nymphaea latus (lotus)

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6
Q

Fasciolopsis buski DH

A

Humans and Pigs

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7
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
- Fasciolopsiasis
o Pathological changes caused by the worms are ________, ________ and ________

A

traumatic, obstructive, and toxic.

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8
Q

Fasciolopsis buski
o Maximum worm burden report ______ worms

A

> 3,700 worms

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9
Q

Fasciolopsis buski DIAGNOSIS

A
  • Stool examination
    o Direct fecal smear
    o Sedimentation Method
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10
Q

Fasciolopsis buski TREATMENT

A
  • Praziaquantel
    o Three doses of 25 mg/kg over 1 day
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11
Q
  • Belongs to the family Echinomastidae
  • Characterized by having a COLLAR OF SPINES behind the oral sucker
    and encyst in mollusk or fishes
A

ECHINOSTOMIDS

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12
Q

ECHINOSTOMID 2 spp.

A

o Echinostoma ilocanum (Garrisoni’s fluke)
o Artyfechinostomum malayanum

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13
Q
  • Straw-colored
  • 83 – 116 um x 58 -69um
  • Operculated
  • Ovoid in shape
  • Similar to Fasciolopsis buski ova but smaller
A

Echinostoma ilocanum EGG

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14
Q
  • Reddish-gray
  • 2.5 – 6.6mm x 1 – 1.33mm
  • Horse-shoe shaped collar of spines (circumoral disc) around the
    oral suckers
  • 49 – 51 collar spines
  • Integument is covered by plaque -like scales
  • Simple intestinal caeca
  • Tapered at posterior end
  • 2 bilobed testes
  • Ovary at the front of testes
A

Echinostoma ilocanum ADULT

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15
Q

ECHINOSTOMID spp.?

  • UNLOBED testes
  • Cirrus sac NOT EXTENDING beyond
    central sucke
  • Vitellaria confluent posttestically
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

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16
Q

ECHINOMASTIDS spp.?

  • DEEPLY LOBED testes
  • Cirrus sac EXTENDING beyond central sucker
  • Vitellaria begging at level of central sucker, confluent posttestically
A

Artyfechinostomum malayanum

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17
Q

E. Ilocanum IH?

A

o 1st intermediate host
▪ Freshwater snails
* Gyraulus convexiusculus
* Hippeutis umbilicalis
o 2nd intermediate host
▪ Snail spp.
* Pila luzonica (kuhol)
* Vivipara angularis (susong pampang)

18
Q

A. malayanum IH?

A

o 1st intermediate host
▪ Freshwater snails
* Indoplanorbis exustus
* Gyraulus convexiusculus
o 2nd intermediate host
▪ Snail spp.
* Lymnaea (Bullastra) cumingiana (bilabid)
* Ampularis cenaliculatus (golden apple
snail)

19
Q

Definitive host

A

o Ducks
o rodents

20
Q

Accidental host

A

Human

21
Q

ECHINOSTOMID
FLUKES PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

A
  • INFLAMMATION develops AT THE SITE OF ATTACHMENT OF THE ADULT WORM to the intestinal wall
  • ULCERATION
  • DIARRHEA, which is sometimes bloody
  • ABDOMINAL PAIN may also develop
  • INTOXICATION
22
Q

ECHINOSTOMID
FLUKES DIAGNOSIS

A
  • Stool examination
    o Direct Fecal Smear
    o Sedimentation Method
23
Q

ECHINOSTOMID
FLUKES TREATMENT

A

PRAZIQUANTEL is given in three doses of 25 mg/kg over 1 day

24
Q

E. ilocanum infection is endemic in

A
  • NORTHERN LUZON
  • SAMAR
  • LEYTE
  • PROVINCES OF MINDANAO
25
Q

ECHINOSTOMID
FLUKES PREVENTION AND CONTROL

A

Avoiding ingestion of raw or improperly cooked second intermediate snail hosts of these parasites

26
Q
  • Belongs to the HETEROPHYIDAE family
  • are SMALL INTESTINAL TREMATODES (0.5 – 2mm in length)
  • are capable of surviving and reproducing in a wide range of hosts
  • Metagonimus, Heterophyes, and Haplorchis are the three most important genera
  • Major endemic areas are located in SOUTHEAST ASIA
A

Heterophyids

27
Q
  • Formerly known as M. takahashii or M. miyatai
  • SMALLEST HUMAN FLUKES
  • Disease association: Metagonimiasis
  • One of the 3 major species of Metagonimus generally humaninfecting species in Japan and Korea
  • Endemic: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Russia, India, Europe
A

Metagonimus yokogawai

28
Q
  • Ovoid, light brown
  • Measures 30 by 15 um
  • Have slight shoulders
  • Lack of terminal knob
  • Exhibit operculum
  • Fully embryonated when laid
  • Consist of miracidium
A

Metagonimus yokogawai EGG

29
Q
  • Measure 1.5 by 0.5mm size
  • Tiny, TEARDROP-SHAPED flukes with tapering at the anterior end and
    rounding at the posterior end
  • Color: Grayish
  • Small laterally deviated ventral sucker
  • No ventrogenital apparatus
  • No genital sucker
  • Medially-located ovary
  • 2 testes (Side-by-side near the posterior end of body)
  • Urine tubules: overlap or cross over the middle portion of the anterior testis
  • Has COARSE VITELLARIA (FAN-SHAPE) in posterior lateral fields
A

Metagonimus yokogawai ADULT

30
Q

Metagonimus yokogawai IH

A

o 1st intermediate host
▪ Freshwater snail
* Semisulcospra libertine
* s. coreana
o 2nd intermediate host
▪ Freshwater fish or brackish water fish
* Sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis): korea
and Japan

31
Q

Metagonimus yokogawai DH

A

o Humans
o Dogs
o Rats
o Cats
o Foxes
o Boars
o Kites

32
Q
  • AKA VON SIEBOLD’S FLUKES
  • Cobboled in 1866:
    o Heterophyes aegyptiaca as the type; later this was
    synonymized with H. heterophyes
  • SMALLEST TREMATODE parasite of man inhibit small intestine having
    the life span about 2 MONTHS
  • Endemic: Nile Delta of Egypt and Sudan, Middle East, Southeastern
    Europe, and India
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

33
Q
  • Pyriform and Grayish
  • Measure 1.0 by 0.5mm in size
  • The tegument has FINE, SCALE-LIKE SPINES
  • Minute oral sucker, ventral sucker is thick walled
  • Two side-by-side testes near the posterior extremity of the body
  • Ovary – anterior to the testes
  • Vitellaria – LARGE POLYGONAL FOLLICLES in the lateral posterior
  • Medially large ventral sucker
  • Large submedian genital sucker armed with 70-85 chitinous rodlets on the gonoty
A

Heterophyes heterophyes ADULT

34
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes IH?

A

o 1st intermediate host
▪ Freshwater snails
* Pironela and cerithidea
* Pirenella corica, Cerithideopsila conica in
Egypt
* Certidia cingula in Japan
o 2nd intermediate host
▪ Freshwater fish or brackish water fish
* Mullet and Tilapia (tilapia nilotica and
Tilapia Zilli)

35
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes DH?

A

o Humans
o Dogs
o Cats
o Wolves
o Bats
o Rats
o Foxes
o Seagulls
o Pelicans

36
Q
  • Species of Haplorchis predominate among fish borne zoonotic parasites
  • Haplorchis = single testis
  • Taichui = for Dr. Taichui
  • original description of this species was based on specimens recovered from birds and mammals caught in the middle part of Taiwan
  • Morphological feature for differentiation from other Haplorchis species is the size, shape, and number of spines on the ventral
    sucker
  • Human infections with Haplorchis spp. are prevalent in Southeast
    Asia, including countries located in Indo-China Peninsula, Taiwan, the Philippines, and also probably in Egypt
A

Haplorchis taichui

37
Q
  • Semi-lunar group of 12-16 long, crescentic, and HOLLOW SPINES
  • Sinistral patch of very minute solid spines
  • Minute and oval body with flattened dorsal and ventral sides
  • Only ONE TESTIS
  • A small armed ventral sucker lacking a gonotyl
  • Lack the expulsor-style distal part of the seminal vesicle
A

Haplorchis taichui ADULT

38
Q

Haplorchis taichui IH?

A

o 1st Intermediate host
▪ Freshwater snail
* Melania obliquegranosa in Taiwan
* Melanoides tuberculate and Melania
juncea in the Philippines
* Tarebia granifera in Hawaii
o 2nd intermediate host
▪ Freshwater fish or brackish water fish
* Barbodes gonionotus
* Cirrhinus molitorella
* Cyclocheilichthys spp.
* Hampala spp.
* Labiobarbus leptocheila
* Mystacoleucus marginatus
* Onychostoma elongatum
* Puntius spp.
* Rhodeus ocellatus

39
Q

Haplorchis taichui DH?

A

o Humans
o Dogs
o Cats

40
Q

DIAGNOSIS

A

Stool examination
o Modified kato thick method
o Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

41
Q

TREATMENT

A

Praziquantel is given in three doses of 25 mg/kg over 1 day

PARASITOLOGY (23 decks)

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