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PARASITOLOGY > PRE FI: TISSUE NEMATODES > Flashcards

PRE FI: TISSUE NEMATODES Flashcards

1
Q
  • “rat lungworm”
  • Classified under genus Angiostrongylus
  • First found in Canton, China
A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

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2
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis DEFINITIVE HOSTS?

A

RAT (IN THE LUNGS)

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3
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis INTERMEDIATE HOST

A

SLUGS AND SNAILS

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4
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis PARATENIC HOST

A

FRESHWATER PRAWN OR CRAB

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5
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis MOT FOR HUMANS (ACCIDENTAL HOST)

A

INGESTION OF RAW MOLLUSKS, LEAFY VEGETABLES WITH MUCUS OF MOLLUSK, PRAWN OR CRAB, OR CONTAMINATED WATER

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6
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis Infective Stage (humans and rats)

A

third stage larva (L3)

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7
Q
  • Shape: ovoidal, elongated with hyaline shell
  • Unembryonated when oviposited
  • Embryonation: hatch after 6 days in the bloodstream
A

Parastrongylus cantonensis EGG

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8
Q

has a distinct SMALL KNOB near the tip of the tail

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis 1ST STAGE LARVA

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9
Q

has two well-developed CHITINOUS RODS below its buccal cavity that has EXPANDED KNOB-LIKE TIPS; penetrates stomach to reach bloodstream to access CNS

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis 3RD STAGE LARVA

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10
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis LARVAE UNDERGO ______- MOLTS

A

2 MOLTS

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11
Q

Pale and filiform in shape

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis ADULT WORM

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12
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis FEMALE OR MALE ADULT WORM?

  • have a well-developed single lobed kidney-shaped CAUDAL BURSA
    o Used to grasp into the body of the
    female during copulation
A

MALE ADULT WORM

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13
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis FEMALE OR MALE ADULT WORM?

  • have uterine tubules that wound
    spirally around the intestine, usually
    described as “BARBER’S POLE ” pattern
    o White: uterus
    o Red: digestive tract
    o Posterior end: blunt shaped
    o Lay up to 15,000 eggs daily
A

FEMALE ADULT WORM

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14
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis PRIMARY SITE OF INFECTION?

A

BRAIN

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15
Q
  • Most common complaint: occipital or
    bitemporal headache
  • Incubation period: 6-15 days
  • Symptoms: stiffness of the neck, paresthesia, vomiting, fever, blurred vision or diplopia, body or muscle pain,
    confusion, incoherence, disorientation,
    memory lapses, coma
  • Complications: intraocular hemorrhage and retinal detachment
A

Primary Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis

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16
Q

In Primary Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis immature worms are seen in?

A

CEREBRUM AND CEREBELLUM

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17
Q

TREATMENT
- surgical removal of worms from the eyes

A

Ocular parastrongyliasis

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18
Q

TREATMENT
- Headaches

A

analgesics and lumbar puncture

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19
Q

TREATMENT
- Cranial nerve involvement

A

PREDNISONE, 30 mg daily

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20
Q
  • “Trichina worm”, “muscle worm”, or
    “great imitator”
  • Most important cause of trichinellosis in humans and most adapted to domestic and wild pigs
  • Habitat: STRIATED MUSCLE
A

Trichinella spiralis

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21
Q

Trichinella spiralis Infective Stage and Diagnostic Stage?

A

ENCYSTED LARVAE

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22
Q

MOT OF Trichinella spiralis

A

ingestion of undercooked meat

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23
Q
  • Spear-like with a burrowing anterior tip coiled in a nurse cell or a striated muscle cell to become encysted
  • Undergo 4 molts
  • Average lifespan: 5-10 years
A

Trichinella spiralis ENCYSTED LARVAE`

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24
Q
  • Has thin anterior end, small mouth, and a long slender digestive tract
  • Begin to copulate 5-7 days after
  • Habitat: small intestine
A

Trichinella spiralis ADULT WORM

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25
Q

Trichinella spiralis FEMALE OR MALE ADULT WORM?
- has a SINGLE TESTIS near the posterior end joined in the mid-body by the genital tube, extending to the cloaca
o Cloaca: has a pair of caudal appendages and two pairs of papillae
o Curved posterior end

A

MALE ADULT WORM

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26
Q

Trichinella spiralis FEMALE OR MALE ADULT WORM?
- has a SINGLE OVARY in the posterior end of the body, an oviduct, seminal receptacle, coiled uterus, vagina, and a vulva
o Viviparous female: lives for 30 days,
can lay more than 1,500 larvae in its lifetime
o Blunt, round posterior end

A

FEMALE ADULT WORM

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27
Q

Pathogenesis of Trichinella spiralis
- asymptomatic

A

Light infection (>10 larvae)

28
Q

Pathogenesis of Trichinella spiralis
- symptomatic
-gastroenteritis, diarrhea, abdominal pain

A

Moderate infection (50-500 larvae)

29
Q

Pathogenesis of Trichinella spiralis
- Severe infection (how many larvae

A

(1,000-3,000 larvae)

30
Q

Trichinellosis (what phase?)
- incubation and intestinal invasion
o Symptoms: diarrhea, constipation,
vomiting, abdominal cramps, malaise

ENTERIC PHASE
INVASION PHASE
CONVALESCENT PHASE

A

ENTERIC PHASE

31
Q

Trichinellosis (what phase?)
- larval migration and muscle invasion
o Symptoms: eosinophilia = release of histamines, serotonin, bradykinins, prostaglandins, causing vascular permeability resulting to tissue edema
o Cardiac muscle involvement: pericardial pain, tachycardia, congestive heart failure
o Neurological complication: meningitis
and meningoencephalitis

ENTERIC PHASE
INVASION PHASE
CONVALESCENT PHASE

A

INVASION PHASE

32
Q

Trichinellosis (what phase?)
- encystment and encapsulation
o Symptoms: fever, weakness, pain

ENTERIC PHASE
INVASION PHASE
CONVALESCENT PHASE

A

CONVALESCENT PHASE

33
Q

Trichinellosis cardinal signs?

A

severe myalgia, periorbital edema, eosinophilia

34
Q

Trichinella spiralis DIAGNOSIS
- Muscle biopsy using _______ of tissue

A

0.2-0.5 g

35
Q

 Skin test made from Trichinella LARVAE ANTIGEN + SALINE

A

BACHMAN INTRADERMAL TEST

36
Q

Trichinella spiralis TREATMENT

A

MEBENDAZOLE AND ALBENDAZOLE

37
Q

Trichinella spiralis PREVENTION AND CONTROL

A

 COOKING OF THE MEAT
 77 C (170 F)

 STORAGE (freezing)
 -15 C for 20 DAYS
 - 30 C for 6 DAYS
 SMOKING, DRYING MEAT IS
INEFFECTIVE

 ANIMAL MONITORING
 Meat inspection
 Serological tests for animals
 Rat free pens
 Proper disposal of carcasses

38
Q

“dog roundworm”

A

Toxocara canis

39
Q

feline roundworm

A

Toxocara cati

40
Q

Toxocara species
- lactation rather than transplacental (term?)

o Causes fewer cases due to their
defecation patterns

A

Vertical transmission

41
Q

Toxocara spp. Infective Stage

A

EMBRYONATED EGG

42
Q

Toxocara spp. Diagnostic Stage

A

LARVAE

43
Q

Toxocara spp. MOT?

A

transplacental (major route) or transmammary (minor route);
ingestion of eggs from soil

44
Q

Toxocara spp. Embryonation of egg

A

2 weeks to several months

45
Q
  • Penetrate the gut wall from eggs and
    migrate to striated tissue muscles then
    encyst
  • Reactivate during pregnancy in older
    female dogs and infect their puppies
  • Development: 60-90 days after hatching
A

Toxocara spp. LARVAE

46
Q

Toxocara spp. LARVAE
Younger dogs: larvae migrate to the
_____ and _____via circulation,
coughed out, swallowed, then develop
into adult worms

A

LUNGS; TRACHEA

47
Q

Toxocara spp. FEMALE ADULT WORM lays how many eggs/day?

A

Female: lays 200,000 eggs per day

48
Q

Toxocariasis
- migration of and subsequent death of larvae in the different TISSUES and ORGANS
o Produces intense inflammatory response: eosinophilic granulomas
o Most sensitive areas: liver, lungs CNS, eyes
o Most common sign: wheezing
o Complications: eosinophilic pneumonia, respiratory failure, liver enlargement, necrosis, diffused non cavitating pulmonary nodules and
pleural effusions, granulomatous hepatitis, and Loeffler endomyocarditis

A. Visceral larva migrants
B. Ocular larva migrants
C. Covert toxocariasis
D. Neurological toxocariasis

A

A. Visceral larva migrants

49
Q

Toxocariasis
- LARVAL INVASION OF THE EYES
o Common manifestation: unilateral
visual impairment, sometimes with
strabismus; also, blindness
o Most serious consequence:
invasion of the retina
o Other ocular lesions: posterior pole
granuloma, peripheral granuloma, or
a condition similar to chronic
endophthalmitis

A. Visceral larva migrants
B. Ocular larva migrants
C. Covert toxocariasis
D. Neurological toxocariasis

A

B. Ocular larva migrants

50
Q

Toxocariasis
- ASYMPTOMATIC with less frequent eosinophilia
o Symptoms: coughing, wheezing,
chronic or recurrent abdominal pain,
hepatomegaly, sleep disturbances,
headache, malaise, anorexia
o Manifestations: polyarthralgia,
monoarthritis, migratory cutaneous
lesions, small-vessel vasculitis

A. Visceral larva migrants
B. Ocular larva migrants
C. Covert toxocariasis
D. Neurological toxocariasis

A

C. Covert toxocariasis

51
Q

Toxocariasis
- arval migration to the brain, meninges, and can be found in the CSF
o One of the causes of encephalitis
o Solitary mass lesions: cause seizure, static encephalopathy, arachnoiditis, spinal cord lesions, optic neuritis, eosinophilic meningitis

A. Visceral larva migrants
B. Ocular larva migrants
C. Covert toxocariasis
D. Neurological toxocariasis

A

D. Neurological toxocariasis

52
Q

DISADVANTAGE OF USING WESTERN BLOT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TOXOCARIASIS

A

CANNOT DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN NEW AND OLD INFECTIONS

53
Q

Toxocariasis Diagnosis

A
  • Definitive diagnosis: tissue biopsy
  • IgG ELISA kits: Toxocara excretory secretory antigens detect IgG antibodies
    o Western blot: used for confirmation
    ▪ Disadvantage: cannot differentiate between new and old infections
  • PCR
  • Abdominal ultrasound
  • CT scan: detect hepatic lesions as low density areas
  • MRI scan: reveal granulomas as hyperintense area
54
Q

TOXOCARIASIS TREATMENT

A
  • Albendazole or mebendazole
  • Allergic reaction with high doses: steroids
  • OLM infections: removal of worms
55
Q
  • “Guinea worm”
  • Suspected being the “fiery serpents” that caused a plague affecting the Israelites living by the Red Sea
     LONGEST NEMATODE OF MAN
A

Dracunculus medinensis

56
Q

Dracunculus medinensis INFECTIVE STAGE?

A

L3

57
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE OF Dracunculus medinensis

A

ADULT WORMS

58
Q

DEFINITIVE HOST OF Dracunculus medinensis

A

HUMANS

Via ingestion of water contaminated
with infected copepods (FRESHWATER
FLEAS)

59
Q

INTERMEDIATE HOST OF Dracunculus medinensis?

(Harbors 3rd stage larvae)

A

COPEPODS

60
Q
  • Tail: 1/3 of body length
  • DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
  • Ruptured ulcers immersed in cool
    water reveals this larvae
  • Consumed by intermediate hosts

(L1 OR L3?)

A

L1

61
Q
  • In the intermediate host
  • INFECTIVE STAGE

(L1 OR L3?)

A

L3

62
Q

Dracunculus medinensis MALE OR ADULT WORM?

  • has a prominent blunt, rounded
    anterior end
A

FEMALE ADULT WORM

63
Q

Dracunculus medinensis MALE OR ADULT WORM?

  • coiled anterior end at least once
  • smaller and rare
A

MALE ADULT WORM

64
Q

Dracunculus medinensis ADULT WORM migrates to ________ after mating

A

subcutaneous tissue (skin of extremities)

65
Q

 Symptoms associated with allergic reactions
 Painful ulcer develops at the site of larvae release
 Unsuccessful attempts to remove an entire worm may result to partial worm being left – additional allergic reaction and nodule formation

A

DRACUNCULOSIS/ DRACUNCULIASIS

66
Q

TREATMENT FOR DRACUNCULOSIS/ DRACUNCULIASIS

A

Total worm removal (winding of
stick)

67
Q

DIAGNOSIS OF DRACUNCULOSIS/ DRACUNCULIASIS

A

o RECOVERY OF ADULT WORMS
- Observing ulcers for emergence of
worms
o RUPTURE OF ULCERS BY COOL WATER
- Reveals 1st stage larva

PARASITOLOGY (23 decks)

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