Nervous Control, The Sensory System (physiology) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the afferent division of PNS consits of?

A

-Receptors
- Sensory neurons
-Sensory pathways

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2
Q

What does the efferent division of the PNS consist of?

A
  • Nuclei
  • Motor tracts
  • Motor neurons
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3
Q

Four types of sensations?

A

-Superficial sensation
-Deep sensation
-Visceral sensation
-The special senses

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4
Q

What are sensory receptors and how do they function?

A

These are specialized cells that monitor specific conditions.
When stimulated, the transmit information to the CNS in the form of an action potential that travels in the axons of sensory neurons.

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5
Q

What role do sensory pathways act and how?

A

They deliver somatic and visceral information to their final destinations in the CNS using the nuclei, tracts and nerves.

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6
Q

What are sensory modalities, give 4.

A

Unique type of sensation
Pain, touch, vision or hearing.

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7
Q

Two divisions of the sensory modalities

A

General senses
Special senses

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8
Q

What are examples of the general senses?

A

Temperature
Pressure
Touch
Proprioception
Vibration
Pain

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9
Q

What are the examples of special senses?

A

Olfactory
Vision
Gustation
Hearing
Balance

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10
Q

What do we mean when we say receptors are transducers ?

A

They convert various forms of energy into action potentials.

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11
Q

What are the differences btwn the three sensory neurons?

A

Simple receptors- Have free nerve endings.
Complex neural receptors- have nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule.
Special senses receptors- have specialized receptor cells and they usually release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons initiating an action potential.

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12
Q

What are the four types of sensory receptors?

A

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors
Telecasters

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13
Q

Four general sensory receptors

A

Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors

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14
Q

Where are the pain receptors located?

A

Superficial portion of the skin.
Around the walls of blood vessels
In the periostea of bone
In joint capsules

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15
Q

Where are thermoreceptors found?

A

The dermis
The hypothalamus
Skeletal muscles
The liver

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16
Q

Three classes of mechanireceptors

A

Tactile receptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors

17
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

18
Q

What do we call the form of energy in which a receptor is most responsive?

A

Adequate stimulus

19
Q

What function do the somatic sensory pathways do?

A

They carry information from the skin and musculature of the body wall, head, limbs and neck.

20
Q

Three major somatic sensory pathways

A

The dorsal column pathway
The spinothalamic pathway
The spinocerebellar pathway

21
Q

Which types of sensations does the dorsal column pathway carry?

A

Carry sensation of highly localized touch, vibration and proprioception.

22
Q

What are the spinal tracts involved in the dorsal column pathway and which axons do they link up with?

A

Fasciculus gracilis- axons from sensory neurons coming from the lower limb and inferior trunk.
Fasciculus cuneatus- axons from the sensory neurons coming from the upper limb, superior trunk and neck.

23
Q

Clinical features of sensory deficits?(4)

A

Lose your vibration sensibility.
Decrease in position sense.
Loss of ability to identify object by touching them.
Loss of ability to identify letters and numbers placed on your skin.

24
Q

Senses that are provided by the spinothalamic system

A

Pain and temperature

25
Q

Explain the spinothalamic pathway.

A

First order neuron- enters the spinal cord
Second order neuron- crosses to the opp side of spinal cord to the spinothalamic tracts and ascend to the thalamus.
The neuron carrying senses of pain and temperature passes through the lateral tracts.
The neuron carrying senses of touch and pressure passes through the anterior tracts.
Third order neuron- takes sensations to the cortex.

26
Q

Clinical features in the lesions of the spinothalamic pathway (3)

A

Decrease in pain sensibility.
Increase in pain sensibility.
Decrease in temperature sensibility.

27
Q

Where exactly in the cortex are the sensations sent?

A

The postcentral gyrus

28
Q

What do we call the orderly arrangementof cells and fibers in the tracts and nuclei of the dorsal column system?

A

Topographic organization

29
Q

What do we call the orderly arrangementof cells and fibers in the tracts and nuclei of the somatosensory system?

A

Somatotopic organization

30
Q

Which indormation is carried by the spinocerebellar system and to where?

A

Carry proprioceptive information from the golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles to the cerebellum.