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BIOL 366 > Lecture 9- Boreal Forest Soil and Vegetation > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Boreal Forest Soil and Vegetation Flashcards

1
Q

Soil characteristics affects _______ which are major determinants of the floristic community that will result

A

The soil moisture and nutrient stores

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2
Q

What is soil parent material?

A

Rocks and sediments deposited from other areas, they weather and erode over time and develop soil

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3
Q

The way the soil is _____ can change the type of soil

A

Deposited

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4
Q

What is fluvial deposition?

A

Sediments deposited by flowing water

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5
Q

What is Eolian deposition?

A

Sediments deposited by wind

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6
Q

What is Lacustrine deposition?

A

Materials deposited in lakes

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7
Q

What is Glacial Till deposition?

A

Sediments deposited by glacial ice

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8
Q

Plant material influences ______

A

-Soil texture
-Mineralogy
-Buffering capacity

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9
Q

How does the soil form?

A

Parent material accumulate

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10
Q

Soil horizons are differentiated by ______

A

-Climate (wind, temperature, water)
-Biotic activities
-Topography

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11
Q

Describe the four steps of soil formation

A

1.Weathering Begins (disintegrating rock)
2.Organic matter (parent material)
3.Mineral Fragments and organic matter (horizon A and C)
4.Greater plant growth (Horizon A, B and C)

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12
Q

Soil texture directly impacts interactions with what?

A

Water and vegetation patterns (water holding capacity and soil drainage)

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13
Q

What is the difference between large grain (sand) and small grain (clay)?

A

-Larger grain means more space between each grain = more water that can pass through = more rapidly draining.
-Clay is very tiny, not much space for water to pass through = more poorly drained

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14
Q

What is field capacity?

A

The content of water remaining in a soil a few days after being wetted and free drainage nearly ends (how much water is still available for plants to take up after a few days, pressure gradient thats ideal for plants)

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15
Q

What influences soil drainage (field capacity)?

A

-Grain size
-Water flow rate
-Ground water

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16
Q

Soil drainage highly influences _____ and _____

A

-Vegetation type
-Plant community composition

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17
Q

In general, conifers in ____ areas and deciduous in ____ areas

A

-Wet
-Dry

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18
Q

What is soil horizons?

A

Separation of soil into distinct sections based on organic matter that has leached through or minerals available (layer of soil)

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19
Q

Horizons have ______ produced by soil forming processes

A

Distinct characteristics

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20
Q

What is horizon A?

A

A is considered mineral soil but can often have a lot of organic material in it that has leached in from the decomposing leaf litter

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21
Q

What do you start to see in horizon B and C?

A

Where you start to see mineralization of the parent material

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22
Q

Will all soils show differentiation? What does it depend on?

A

Not all soils will show this differentiation depends on how old the soil is and how much leaching and weathering has occurred

23
Q

Describe soil horizons of the tropics

A

-Fast decomposition, little hummus layer
-High soil microbial activity
-Small organic layer

24
Q

Describe soil horizons of the boreal

A

-Slow decomposition, accumulated humus layer
-Big organic layer

25
Q

Describe soil horizons for anaerobic soils

A

Rooting layer is predominantly poorly decomposed organic matter

26
Q

What are the six main soil types of the boreal forest?

A

1.Podzolic
2.Brunisolic
3.Luvisolic
4.Cryosolic
5.Gleysolic
6.Organic

27
Q

Describe Brunisolic soils

A

-Forested areas
-Less horizon development (less weathering)
-Formed under forests
-Found under mixed wood forests
-Cool and dry regions

28
Q

What tree type is found in brunisolic soils?

A

Mixedwood forests

29
Q

What is eutric brunisols?

A

Dominate calcareous deposits of cooler high and mid-boreal regions

30
Q

What is a melanic brunisols?

A

In milder moist climate of Southern Ontario low boreal (associated. with deciduous trees)

31
Q

Describe luvisolic soils

A

-Definition between A and B horizon
-Found under mixedwood forests
-Subhumid to humid forests
-Cool and wet
-High clay percentage
-Formed by lacustrine deposits
-Loam soil due to past glaciation leaving glacial silt and clay

32
Q

What type type is found on luvisolic soils?

A

Mixedwood forests

33
Q

Describe podzolic soils

A

-Red horizons due to high iron content (depends on the amount of leaching)
-Coarse to medium textured
-Dominated by conifers
-Sandy parent material
-Significant rainfall >700mm (lots of water flowing and weathering)
-Low nutrient status

34
Q

What type of trees do you find on podzolic soils?

A

Coniferous forests

35
Q

Describe gleysolic soils

A

-Dominant wetland soil
-Fluctuating water table and prolonged saturation
-High water table reduces decomposition so would be a deep organic layer
-Mottling
-Large areas of poorly drained lowlands

36
Q

What is mottling?

A

Streaks of red iron in grey soil

37
Q

What is the difference between dry and wet gleysolic soils?

A

Dry- higher oxygen = iron oxidized
Wet- low oxygen = iron reduced

38
Q

Describe organic soils

A

-Dominant soil of peatlands
-Accumulation of poorly decomposed organic matter
-Cold and wet
-Underlain mineral soil often permafrost

39
Q

Describe cryosolic soils

A

-Where permafrost exists close to surface
-North of treeline in subarctic forest, extends into boreal and alpine areas
-More tundra soils
-Organic peat develops on top
-Cold and dry
=Poor development of horizon

40
Q

The moisture type of lowland boreal forests soils is ______

A

Hydric or hygric

41
Q

Lowland boreal soils have _____ active layer and _____ organic layer

A

-Thin
-Thick

42
Q

What type of soils would you find in lowland boreal forests?

A

Glysolic and organic soils

43
Q

Describe the water table and nutrient availability of lowland boreal soils

A

-Tolerant of low nutrient availability
-High fluctuating water table (high water table reduces the active layer, changes in vegetation adapt to shallow roots and low nutrient)

44
Q

What type of trees would you find in lowland boreal soils?

A

Black spruce and tamarack

45
Q

The moisture type of midslope soils would be _______

A

Mesic

46
Q

Midslope boreal soils have _____ active layer and a ____ organic layer

A

-Medium
-Medium

47
Q

What type of soils would you find in midslope boreal forests?

A

Luvisols and brunisols

48
Q

Describe the nutrient availability of midslope boreal soils

A

High nutrient availability for vegetation

49
Q

What type of trees would you find in midslope boreal forests?

A

White spruce, aspen, birch, balsam fir

50
Q

The moisture type of top slope boreal soils is ______

A

Xeric (dry)

51
Q

Top slope boreal soils have _____ active layers and _____ organic layer

A

-Thick
-Thin

52
Q

What type of soils would you find in top slope boreals?

A

Podzols

53
Q

Describe the water table and nutrient availability of top slope boreal soils

A

-Trees adapted to low water availability
-Low nutrient availability for vegetation

54
Q

What type of trees would you find in top slope boreal forests?

A

Jack pine

BIOL 366 (33 decks)

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