Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 366 > Lecture 13- Intro to Marine Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Intro to Marine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are Arctic Ocean Basins?

A

-Shelf waters shallow (200-400m) on shelf
-Off the shelf can be over 4000m in depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why does the arctic ocean differ from other oceans?

A

Because it has floating sea ice which can influence the stratification of the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Arctic ocean currents affect _____

A

Global ocean circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe what happens between the pacific and arctic oceans

A

A narrow pathway therefore the pacific water enters but cannot exit. The pacific is warmer and brings in more nutrients, this is where it gets a lot of it nutrients from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe what happens between the atlantic and arctic oceans

A

The atlantic waters are able to come in and cycle with the arctic and go back out. The atlantic can bring in some warmer temperatures, but it has a higher salinity so salinity in the arctic is brought in from atlantic currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the pacific and atlantic oceans provide to the arctic ocean?

A

-Pacific provides ocean heat and nutrients
-Atlantic provides most volume and subsurface heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the introduction of freshwater do in the arctic ocean?

A

-Runoff from land is key in the development of sea ice
-Less salty water coming in, increases in lower density water because it has less salt in it, so it stays on the surface
-Changes ocean water stratification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens with the increase in amount of runoff from melting glaciers (freshwater)?

A

-Could cause changes in ocean currents
-Reducing mixing = reduced nutrients and get less water cycling because differences in salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the major source of freshwater into the arctic in Canada?

A

Mackenzie river

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three components of the northern seas?

A

1.Ice covered seas
2.Open seas (polynya)
3.Benthic habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sea ice is very ____ and _____

A

-Variable
-Dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What aspects of sea ice results in variability?

A

-Different forms
-Different floe size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ice can be moved by ______

A

Wind, currents and tides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is sea ice classified?

A

-Floe size
-Source (fresh or salt water)
-Form (attached or drifting)
-Development
-Deformation
-Cover of ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The classification of sea ice can influence ____

A

What species can use the ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three forms of ice?

A
  1. Land fast ice
  2. Pack ice
  3. Leads (gaps in the ice)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is land fast ice?

A

Ice thats attached to land and buffers shorelines from erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pack ice?

A

Free floating ice that varies in size and can combine or break apart

19
Q

What is lead ice?

A

Narrow or wide gaps in the ice that allows whales to move through the sea ice

20
Q

Describe the process of the formation in rough bottomed ice sheets

A

Starts with frazil ice, then have disruption in formation from waves which leads to pancake ice. Then the pancake ice starts to bump into each other more and you can start to get rafting or ridging and eventually get a rough bottomed ice sheet

21
Q

Describe the process of the formation in smooth bottomed ice sheets

A

Starts with frazil ice, then have calm conditions that turns it into a soupy (water and ice) suspension called grease ice. Then they start to fuse into a flat continuous sheets called nilas. These nilas start to fuse together from rafting and eventually get smooth bottomed sheet ice

22
Q

What is frazil ice?

A

When the water temperature starts to drop and get icicles forming in the water but they haven’t fused together or formed a sheet, just crystals

23
Q

What is rafting?

A

The ice bumps into each other, when they collide you get a little bit pushed up and over time it forms little ridges

24
Q

What is ridging?

A

More overlap with each other and form a much larger ridge

25
Q

What is congelation ice?

A

Ice crystals is a more long distinctive crystal

26
Q

What is multi-year sea ice?

A

Ice that has survived one summer melt

27
Q

It is biologically unproductive under _____ because _____

A

-Multi-year sea ice
-No sunlight penetration and therefore no primary productivity which is the start of the food web

28
Q

Describe the deformation of sea ice

A
  1. Rafted ice
  2. Pressure ridge
  3. Weather ridge (more ice and snow piles up and hardens)
    4.Hummocks
29
Q

Hummocks can be important for ____

A

Seals

30
Q

What are the three types of species reliance on ice?

A

1.Ice obligate
2.Ice associated
3.Seasonally migrant

31
Q

What are ice obligate species and examples?

A

-Use sea ice for hunting, breeding, resting.
-Fitness is attached to sea ice
-Cant survive without the ice
-Polar bears, walrus, bearded seal, ringed seals

32
Q

What are ice associated species and some examples?

A

-Associated with marine ice habitats but not reliant
-Harp seal, hooded seal, ribbon seal, spotted seal
-Belugas, narwals, bowhead whale

33
Q

What are seasonally migrant species and some examples?

A

-Encounter sea ice in annual migrations but not tied to it in anyway
-In areas where the sea ice is common but don’t use it
-Fin whale, mike whale, humpback whale, grey whale
-Killer whale

34
Q

What do ringed seals use ice for?

A

Use pressured ridges as safe places to raise young

35
Q

What do polar bears use sea ice for?

A

Use it to walk, swimming is more energetically costly

36
Q

What is a polynya?

A

Area of open marine water at high latitude and remains ice free

37
Q

How do polynya stay ice free?

A

-Currents and tides
-Upwellings
-Winds

38
Q

Polynya play a major role in ______

A

Organization of arctic marine life

39
Q

Open ocean polynya are called ______

A

Sensible heat polynya

40
Q

How do open water polynya (sensible heat polynya) work?

A

-Warmer water upwells from ocean depths
-Melts ice and prevents new ice from forming
-Occur far from shore

41
Q

How do costal polynya (latent heat polynya) work?

A

-Heat transfer occurs when water changes state
-Formed when high winds push ice away from shore
-Newly formed ice is pushed out to sea
-Latent heat is released when open water evaporates (water is generally warmer than air temperatures)

42
Q

What is an estuary?

A

Nearshore of shallow, productive water

43
Q

Inflows into estuary from rivers bring _____ and _____

A

-Sediments
-Nutrients

44
Q

Why do belugas use estuaries?

A

-Warmer waters because shallower = less time to heat up
-High food availability = increases activity in entire food chain
-Protection from predators
-Rub on mud and rocks to remove dead skin
-Safe place for calving

BIOL 366 (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions