Lecture 13 2/8/24

Question 1

Which components are involved in the innate immunity of the resp. tract?

Answer 1

-mucociliary system
-cough
-phagocytes
-toll-like receptors

Question 2

Which components are involved in the adaptive immunity of the resp. tract?

Answer 2

-lymphocytes
-antibody production

Question 3

How does particle size impact its ability to travel within the resp. tract?

Answer 3

-larger, inhalable particles will be caught in the nose, mouth, or throat
-smaller, respirable particles will pass into and beyond the terminal bronchioles

Question 4

Why is it important to understand which size particle deposits where within the resp. tract?

Answer 4

inhaled medications can be made with different sized particles based on where the medication needs to travel within the resp. tract

Question 5

How do slow, deep breaths impact sedimentation?

Answer 5

velocity of airflow causes more particles to settle into the lungs at deeper depths

Question 6

How do fast, shallow breaths impact sedimentation?

Answer 6

larger particles get embedded with more inertia into the upper airways

Question 7

How does bronchoconstriction impact sedimentation?

Answer 7

more particulates settle in larger airways

Question 8

How does bronchodilation impact sedimentation?

Answer 8

more particulates settle in smaller airways

Question 9

What are the characteristics of the mucociliary system?

Answer 9

-mucus lining of the respiratory epithelium
-cilia beat rhythmically
-must move particles against gravity/be assisted through lowering of the head
-beat frequency is slower in the bronchioles

Question 10

How can mucus within the respiratory system differ?

Answer 10

-amount
-viscosity
-composition

Question 11

How does fluid type differ in different areas of the resp. tract?

Answer 11

-bronchioles: serous fluid
-larger airways: mucus
-bronchi: mucus and serous fluid combination

Question 12

What are the characteristics of coughing?

Answer 12

-stimulated by subepithelial irritant receptors found mostly in large bronchi
-hyper-responsive when airway is inflamed or epithelium is injured
-most effective at clearing larger airways rather than bronchi/bronchioles
-bring particles up to pharynx

Question 13

What are the characteristics of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 13

-main phagocyte found in the lung
-mainly found within alveolar lining fluids
-recognize PAMPs via toll-like receptors

Question 14

Which tissues are used by alveolar macrophages to remove particles?

Answer 14

-pharynx
-lymphoid tissue

Question 15

What can lead to suppression of the alveolar macrophages?

Answer 15

-hypoxic conditions
-corticosteroids/endogenous glucocorticoids
-viral infections

Question 16

Which conditions stimulate cytokines?

Answer 16

-infections
-allergens
-toxins

Question 17

Which cells release cytokines?

Answer 17

-macrophages
-lymphocytes
-epithelial cells
-endothelial cells

Question 18

What are the functions of cytokines?

Answer 18

-attract inflammatory cells
-orchestrate tissue healing

Question 19

What are the characteristics of tonsillar tissues?

Answer 19

-most abundant where turbulence is highest
-high amounts in lymphoid tissue/cells

Question 20

What is the net force typically seen with Starling’s equation?

Answer 20

net force that favors fluid to be pushed into the interstitium

Question 21

What does Starling’s equation describe?

Answer 21

difference between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, which determines the net movement of fluid into or out of a capillary

Question 22

What is alveolar edema?

Answer 22

-accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space
-occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in a vessel
-outward fluid movement must first overwhelm the lymphatics system

Question 23

What is interstitial edema?

Answer 23

-accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space/lung parenchyma
-occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in a vessel

Question 24

What are the consequences of left-sided heart failure?

Answer 24

-pulmonary congestion and pressure
-low organ perfusion and hypoxia

Question 25

How can hypoproteinemia lead to pulmonary edema?

Answer 25

-hypoproteinemia causes decreased plasma oncotic pressure
-decreased plasma oncotic pressure results in pulmonary edema due to excess fluid leaving vessels

Question 26

How can inflammatory lung disease lead to pulmonary edema?

Answer 26

-inflammatory lung disease increases vascular permeability
-vascular permeability allows protein-rich fluid to leak into interstitium
-protein-rich fluid in the interstitium increases interstitial fluid oncotic pressure
-increased interstitial fluid oncotic pressure draws fluid out of vessels and causes pulmonary edema

Question 27

What are the characteristics of pleural effusion in a healthy animal?

Answer 27

-small amount of fluid in the pleural space
-drained by lymphatics
-low protein content

Question 28

What can lead to an increase in pleural effusion?

Answer 28

-increased hydrostatic pressure
-decreased colloid osmotic pressure
-increased vascular permeability
-obstruction of lymphatic vessels

Question 29

What causes left-sided heart failure?

Answer 29

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 30

Which type of heart failure is pleural effusion most commonly associated with?

Answer 30

right-sided heart failure

Question 31

What are the consequences of right-sided heart failure?

Answer 31

venous congestion of body organs

Question 32

What causes right-sided heart failure?

Answer 32

increased pulmonary vascular pressure

Question 33

What other role do the lungs have?

Answer 33

acid-base balance/compensation