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VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 39 4/12/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 39 4/12/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pH?

A

the negative log of H+ conc.

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2
Q

What is an acid?

A

substance that can donate H+

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3
Q

What is a base?

A

substance that can accept H+

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4
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

acid that gives up all H+ in solution

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5
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

acid that only releases some H+ when in solution

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6
Q

What is a buffer?

A

-chemical that helps minimize changes in pH in a solution
-typically occurs as a buffer pair, such as a weak acid and conjugate base

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7
Q

What are the main contributors to acid-base homeostasis?

A

-buffers
-lungs
-kidneys

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of how buffers work?

A

-work quickly to titrate excess H+
-more of a chemical reaction that a physiologic response

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9
Q

What is the main buffer in the body?

A

HCO3- (bicarb.)

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of carbonic anhydrase?

A

-produced by RBCs and renal tubular cells
-speeds up the Henderson-Hassalbalch equation in both directions

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11
Q

What is the Henderson-Hassalbalch equation?

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of CO2?

A

-acts as a resp. acid
-delivered to the lungs, where it can be breathed out

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13
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

CO2 and pH

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14
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

CO2, pH, and PaO2

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15
Q

What is the ventilatory response to CO2?

A

ventilation increases dramatically once PaCO2 reaches a threshold level

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of hypoventilation?

A

-retain CO2
-increased pCO2
-decreased blood pH

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of hyperventilation?

A

-expire more CO2
-decreased pCO2
-increased blood pH

18
Q

What are the roles of the kidneys in acid base?

A

-acidify urine to eliminate acid from body and increase blood pH
-alkalinize urine to eliminate base from body and decrease blood pH

19
Q

What can the kidney do the acidify the urine in the proximal tubule?

A

-resorption of HCO3-
-regeneration of HCO3-
-excretion of H+ (major mechanism)

20
Q

What can the kidney do to acidify the urine in the alpha intercalating cells and collecting ducts?

A

-production of H+ (excreted) and HCO3- (resorbed) via carbonic anhydrase
-K+/H+ exchanger

21
Q

What can be done in the beta intercalated cells and collecting ducts to alkalinize the urine?

A

production of HCO3- (excreted) and H+ (resorbed) via carbonic anhydrase

22
Q

How does acidosis compare to alkalosis?

A

-acidosis is a process that promotes decrease in blood pH
-alkalosis is a process that promotes increase in blood pH

23
Q

How does resp. acid-base disorder differ from metabolic acid-base disorder?

A

-resp. involves change in blood pCO2
-metabolic involves change in blood HCO3- conc.

24
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

increased pCO2

25
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

decreased pCO2

26
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

decreased HCO3-

27
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

increased HCO3-

28
Q

What are the characteristics of resp. acidosis?

A

-hypoventilation
-increased pCO2
-less CO2 expired by lungs
-ex. are CNS disease, toxins

29
Q

What are the characteristics of resp. alkalosis?

A

-hyperventilation
-decreased pCO2
-more CO2 expired by lungs
-ex. is panting

30
Q

What are the two possible mechanisms of metabolic acidosis?

A

-accumulation of acids
-loss of bicarbonate

31
Q

What are the results of metabolic acidosis?

A

-dec. HCO3-
-dec. blood pH

32
Q

Which acids can accumulate in metabolic acidosis?

A

-glycol
-oxoproline
-L-lactate
-D-lactate
-methanol
-aspirin
-renal failure/uremia
-ketoacidosis

33
Q

What can lead to a loss of bicarb. in metabolic acidosis?

A

-renal tubular dysfunction
-diarrhea/GI losses

34
Q

What are the possible mechanisms of metabolic alkalosis?

A

-loss of acids
-accumulation of bicarbonate

35
Q

What are the results of metabolic alkalosis?

A

-inc. HCO3-
-inc. blood pH

36
Q

What can cause a loss of acids?

A

-refluxing
-vomiting

37
Q

What is compensation?

A

-physiologic response to an acid-base disturbance
-goal is to minimize blood pH change
-typically involves lungs or kidneys

38
Q

How does compensation happen?

A

the primary problem is matched with its opposite; ex. is resp. acidosis and metabolic alkalosis

39
Q

What are the rules of compensation?

A

-pH will never return to normal range
–goal is to get pH closer to normal
–return of pH to normal indicates mixed disturbance
-body will never overcompensate

40
Q

Which type of compensation occurs more quickly?

A

respiratory

41
Q

Why are compensatory responses not always evident?

A

-inadequate time
-disease that impedes compensation

42
Q

How can acid-base be evaluated in bloodwork?

A

blood gas analysis:
-pH
-pCO2
-HCO3-
chem panel:
-HCO3-
-Na and Cl
-anion gap

VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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