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VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 28 3/22/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 3/22/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endocrine requirements that must be met for sperm production?

A

-adequate secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus
-FSH and LH secretion from anterior pituitary
-secretion of testosterone and estrogen

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2
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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3
Q

What is the role of Sertoli cells?

A

convert testosterone to estradiol

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4
Q

How do testosterone and estradiol act on the hypothalmus?

A

negative feedback on the hypothalamus leads to reduced GnRH production, which reduces LH and FSH production

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5
Q

Which type of center is present in the hypothalamus in males, and which is not?

A

-tonic center IS present
-surge center IS NOT present

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6
Q

Why is it important that LH is released in pulses in the male?

A

-high conc. of testosterone is needed in the seminiferous tubules for spermatogenesis
-Leydig cells can become refractory/reduce secretion of testosterone when exposed to sustained high levels of LH

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7
Q

What is puberty in the male?

A

ability of the male to produce and ejaculate at least 50 mil. sperm with at least 10% motility

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8
Q

What are the endocrine hallmarks of male puberty?

A

-sharp increase in testosterone
-secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH

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9
Q

What pathway do sperm follow from the testis out of the body?

A

-rete tubules
-efferent ducts
-epididymis
-ductus deferens
-urethra

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10
Q

What happens to sperm in the head and body of the epididymis?

A

changes that allow the sperm to become fertile

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11
Q

What is the function of the tail of the epididymis?

A

storage organ for sperm prior to ejaculation

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12
Q

What is seminal plasma?

A

mixture of spermatozoa with fluids from the accessory sex glands

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13
Q

How does a normal testis appear on ultrasound?

A

hypoechoic homogenous oval structure

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14
Q

What are the phases of spermatogenesis?

A

-proliferation
-meiotic phase
-differentiation

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15
Q

What is the proliferation phase?

A

phase in which the spermatogonia undergo mitotic divisions

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16
Q

What is the meiotic phase?

A

phase in which the spermatogonia undergo meiotic division to form spermatocytes/spermatids

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17
Q

What is the differentiation phase/spermiogenesis?

A

-no divisions occur
-spermatid undergoes transformation to become a fully differentiated and specialized sperm cell

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18
Q

What phases occur within the differentiation phase?

A

-Golgi phase
-cap phase
-acrosomal phase
-maturation phase

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19
Q

What happens during the Golgi phase?

A

highly-developed Golgi apparatus gives rise to the acrosome

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20
Q

What happens during the cap phase?

A

-acrosome forms a distinct cap over anterior portion of nucleus
-primitive flagellum forms

21
Q

What happens during the acrosomal phase?

A

-acrosome continues to spread and cover more of anterior nucleus
-nucleus begins to elongate and shift to one aspect of cell
-spermatids become deeply embedded in Sertoli cells

22
Q

What happens during the maturation phase?

A

-final assembly to form spermatozoon
-mitochondria cluster around flagellum in a spiral fashion

23
Q

What is spermiation?

A

process by which mature spermatids are released from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

24
Q

Which features are seen in mature sperm?

A

-head with acrosome and nucleus
-neck that joins head to mid-piece filled with mitochondria
-tail containing flagellum

25
Q

What are the components of the testis parenchyma?

A

-seminiferous tubules
-interstitial space containing vessels, connective tissue, lymphatics, nerves, and Leydig cells

26
Q

What are the two major regions of the seminiferous tubules?

A

-basal compartment
-adluminal compartment

27
Q

What occurs in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogonium divide to form other spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

28
Q

What occurs in the deep adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?

A

primary spermatocytes divide into secondary spermatocytes and spherical spermatids

29
Q

What type of sperm are in the peripheral adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?

A

sperm cells that are near complete maturation but still in contact with Sertoli cells

30
Q

Why is it important that there is a counter current between the testicular artery and vein?

A

allows for some testosterone to be recycled in order to maintain high local concentrations in the testes

31
Q

Which hormones are produced by Sertoli cells?

A

-estradiol (converted testosterone)
-inhibin

32
Q

What determines the number of sperm cells that a testis can produce?

A

-number of Sertoli cells
-size of the testis

33
Q

What is the blood-testis barrier?

A

tight junction of Sertoli cells with the basement membrane that prevents immune attack of the sperm cells

34
Q

How do sperm motility and fertility change throughout the epididymis?

A

-sperm are non-motile when in the head
-sperm have some motility and fertility in the body
-sperm are motile and fertile once they reach the tail

35
Q

What are the characteristics of the ampulla?

A

-enlargement of ductus deferens
-serves as sperm reservoir

36
Q

What is the main characteristic of the seminal vesicle/vesicular gland?

A

produces the majority of the ejaculate

37
Q

What is produced by the bulbourethral gland?

A

gel fraction of the ejaculate

38
Q

What is produced by the prostate gland?

A

sugars and proteolytic enzymes

39
Q

What are the functions of the seminal plasma?

A

-vehicle, protection, and energy for sperm
-capacitation
-effects on female repro tract

40
Q

What are the characteristics of the spermatic cord?

A

-suspends testis in scrotum
-provides pathway to and from the body for testicular vasculature/lymphatics/nerves
-houses ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, and pampiniform plexus

41
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A

transfer heat from the arterial blood into he venous blood so that the blood reaching the testes is optimal temp.

42
Q

What is the tunica dartos?

A

smooth muscle in the scrotum that responds to temp. changes to move the testes closer to or away from the body

43
Q

Why is it important that the scrotum is heavily populated with sweat glands?

A

allows for thermoregulation and cooling of the testes via evaporative heat transfer

44
Q

What is evaluated in a sperm analysis?

A

-sperm producing ability of the testis
-number of morphological normal sperm
-number of motile sperm
-viability of sperm

45
Q

Why is an artificial vagina used to collect sperm?

A

provides appropriate temp. and pressure stimuli

46
Q

What are the main parameters evaluated in semen collection?

A

-total vol. in mLs
-conc. of sperm/mL
-total number of sperm

47
Q

How is sperm motility assessed?

A

% of sperm that move in forward direction; count out of 50 sperm and estimate

48
Q

What percent of sperm must be morphologically abnormal to cause reduced fertility?

A

20% or greater

49
Q

How is the number of insemination doses per ejaculate determined?

A

number of morphologically normal and progressively motile sperm/number of sperm wanted per dose

VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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