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VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 31 3/26/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 3/26/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary tract?

A

-water and electrolyte homeostasis
-excretion of wastes
-acid-base balance
-production of hormones

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2
Q

What are the anatomical components of the kidney?

A

-capsule
-cortex
-medulla
-papillae
-pelvis
-hilus

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the renal cortex?

A

-pars convoluta
-pars radiata

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4
Q

What is a lobe?

A

cortex and medulla with 1 pyramid

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5
Q

What is a lobule?

A

medullary ray with associated nephrons

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6
Q

What is a medullary ray?

A

-collecting ducts
-thick ascending limbs of Loop of Henle
-straight portions of proximal tubules

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of canine kidneys?

A

-unipapillary
-smooth cortex

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of equine kidneys?

A

-unipapillary
-2 pelvic recesses
-smooth cortex
-right kidney is heart-shaped

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of feline kidneys?

A

-unipapillary
-prominent subcapsular veins
-yellow cortex

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of porcine kidneys?

A

-multipapillary
-pelvis divides into 2 major calyces

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of bovine kidneys?

A

-multipapillary
-multilobulated cortex
-no true renal pelvis

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of avian kidneys?

A

-multilobulated
-lack discrete papillae
-hidden in deep recess along dorsal musculature
-no renal pelvis or urinary bladder

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13
Q

Where do the ureters leave the kidney?

A

at the hilus

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14
Q

What is the trigone?

A

ureteral orifices + internal urethral meatus

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15
Q

Where is the apex?

A

cranially located, opposite the urethral meatus

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16
Q

What percent of cardiac output makes up renal blood flow?

A

25%

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the nephron?

A

-functional unit of kidney
-glomerular compartment and tubular compartment

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18
Q

What is the role of the interstitium?

A

bring reabsorbed molecules back to systemic circulation

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19
Q

What is the role of the vasculature?

A

maintain hemodynamic homeostasis

20
Q

What are the characteristics of the embryologic development of the kidney?

A

-form from mesoderm
-3 sets of kidneys originally develop
-pronephros and mesonephros atrophy
-metanephros develops into permanent kidney

21
Q

What are the components of the metanephros?

A

-metanephric blastema
-ureteric bud

22
Q

What are the characteristics of the ureteric bud?

A

-divide via branching morphogenesis
-gives rise to collecting duct and connecting tubules

23
Q

What is required for the formation of the normal nephron?

A

interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric blastema

24
Q

What are the renal pelvis and ureters derived from?

A

ureteric bud

25
Q

What is the role of the urorectal septum?

A

grows and separates cloaca into 2 compartments

26
Q

What are the two compartments that the cloaca is divided into?

A

-urogenital sinus: gives rise to urinary bladder and urethra
-anorectal canal: gives rise to rectum and anus

27
Q

What is the emptying pathway of the nephron?

A

-glomerulus and long tubule empty into duct
-duct empties into pelvis

28
Q

How do cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ?

A

-cortical nephrons have the bulk of tubules in the renal cortex
-juxtamedullary nephrons are more-so in the medulla

29
Q

What is the order of the nephron?

A

-glomerulus
-Bowman’s space
-proximal convoluted tubule
-straight portion of proximal tubule
-Loop of Henle descending limb
-LOH ascending thin limb
-LOH ascending thick limb
-distal convoluted tubule
-connecting tubule
-cortical collecting duct
-medullary collecting duct
-papillary duct

30
Q

What components of the nephron are in the cortex?

A

-renal corpuscles
-proximal tubules
-distal tubules
-collecting ducts

31
Q

Which components of the nephron are in the medulla?

A

-Loops of Henle
-collecting ducts
-vasa recta

32
Q

What are the steps of urine formation?

A

-ultrafiltrate passes from glomerular capillary into Bowman’s space
-filtrate passes from Bowman’s space into renal tubules
-renal tubules empty into renal pelvis
-renal pelvis empties into ureter, which leads to urinary bladder

33
Q

What percent of the ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed?

A

98%

34
Q

Which substances make up the tubular secretions?

A

-K+
-H+
-NH4+
-bile salts
-drug metabolites

35
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

filters blood to form urinary ultrafiltrate

36
Q

What are the main parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

-glomerulus
-Bowman’s capsule

37
Q

Which cells are present within the renal corpuscle?

A

-podocytes
-squamous cells
-endothelial cells
-mesangial cells

38
Q

What are the characteristics of the blood-urine barrier?

A

-blood is selectively filtered across glomerular filtration barrier to create ultrafiltrate of plasma
-driven by hydrostatic and oncotic pressure
-filtration impacted by molecular charge, size, and concentration

39
Q

What are the three parts of the blood-urine barrier?

A

-endothelium of glomerular capillary
-glomerular basement membrane
-podocytes

40
Q

What are the characteristics of glomerular endothelial cells?

A

-fenestrated
-covered by glycocalyx
-1-2 nuclei per capillary loop
-viability requires VEGF

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the glomerular basement membrane?

A

-trilaminar
-thickens with age
-comprised of type 4 collagen and glycosaminoglycans
-neg. charge
-smooth contour

42
Q

What are the characteristics of podocytes?

A

-terminally differentiated epithelial cells
-maintain structure and function of glomerulus
-interdigitating foot processes attach to GBM
-apical cell membrane is neg. charged
-produce VEGF for endothelial cell health

43
Q

What are the characteristics of mesangial cells?

A

-maintain structural integrity of glomerular tuft
-can replicate
-modifies glomerular perfusion
-synthesizes and breaks down ECM
-produces and secretes cytokines
-some phagocytic properties

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the proximal tubules?

A

-in cortex only
-begin at urinary pole of renal corpuscle
-convoluted and straight portions
-lined by single layer of cuboidal tubular epithelial cells
-abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm
-absorptive
-high energy demand/lots of mitochondria
-activates vit. D

45
Q

Which species has lipid vacuoles in the proximal tubules?

A

cats

46
Q

What are the main components of proximal tubules?

A

-microvilli
-basal striations
-mitochondria

VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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