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anatomy & physiology > Integumentary system 8 & 9 > Flashcards

Integumentary system 8 & 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the body does the integumentary system cover?

A

Skin, nails, and hair.

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2
Q

What are the 2 main parts in the structure of the skin?

A

Epidermis - surface epithelial layer
Dermis - deeper connective tissue layer

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3
Q

What is deep dermis referred as, & is it part of the skin?

A

It is known as either subcutaneous layer, superficial fascia or hypodermis & is not part of the skin.

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4
Q

What are the four cell types that compose the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes (major), melanocytes,
langherans cells,
Merkel cells.

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5
Q

What percent of epidermal cells are composed of keratinocytes?

A

90%

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6
Q

What are functions of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

A

To produce keratine,
protect skin,
waterproof skin.

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7
Q

How many layers are in the epidermis?

A

four to five strata/sub layers.

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8
Q

What is the order of layers in the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale,
stratum spinosum,
stratum granolosum,
stratum comeum.

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9
Q

Describe the stratum basale (first layer of epidermis).

A

Single layer of low columnar or cuboidal cells at the base of the epidermis (basal layer).
These are the stem cells of the epidermis.

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10
Q

How long does it take to renew the epidermis?

A

3-4 weeks.

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11
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum ( second layer of epidermis).

A

Several layers of polyhedral cells joined by many desmosomes (specialised cell junctions that increase adhesion.

8-10 cell layer.

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12
Q

Describe stratum granulosum.

A

increase in keratin,
Where nuclei begins to degenerate.
includes lamellar granules=waterproofing liquid.

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13
Q

Cytoplasm contains many fine grains of keratohyalin granules, was do these do?

A

Keratohyalin granules release their lipid contents into the interstitial space, this acts as a protective barrier.

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14
Q

Describe stratum lucidum.

A

Cannot be identified in thin skin.
Several layers of flattened cells.
Nuclei are hardly visible.

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15
Q

what layer is the reason the body is protected by the epidermis.

A

stratum corneum.

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16
Q

what does stratum corneum consist of?

A

several layers of flattened keratinised (dead) cells.

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17
Q

what does stratum corneum do?

A

cells shed and are replaced from below, mostly keratin filled.

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18
Q

What can thick skin also be called.

A

Friction skin or glabrous (smooth) skin.

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19
Q

What do melanocytes do

A

produce melanin.
transfer pigment to keratinocytes.
8% of epidermal cells

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20
Q

describe lanerhans cells

A

form a defensive network in the epidermis.

found in the stratus spinosum.

phagocytic cells that engulf foreign materials, that invade the epidermis.

In contact with an antigen, migrate out of the epidermis and skin to lymph nodes.

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21
Q

Where are Merkel cells found.

A

stratum basale.

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22
Q

What 2 cells are difficult to tell apart.

A

melanocytes and Merkel cells.

23
Q

What do Merkel cells interact with

A

free nerve endings, (non myelinated), which are sensitive to touch (mechanoreceptors).

24
Q

What 3 factors contribute to skin colour

A

amount and kind of melanin,
carotene deposited in stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.
The amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels - cyanosis.

25
Q

name the 5 abnormalities in skin pigmentation.

A

albinism - little to no melanin

melasma - brown symmetrical areas on face and neck.

pigment loss after skin damage - burns and scars.

vitiligo - smooth white patches in skin due to loss of melanocytes

birth marks - abnormal blood vessels malformed pigment cells.

26
Q

skin cancers

A

basal cell carcinoma - 75% of skin cancers, treatable, starts in basal cell layer, grows slowly

squamous cell carcinoma - 20%, more aggressive, treatable.

melanoma - 5%, 73% of deaths, starts in melonocytes, usually in a mole and spreads very quickly.

27
Q

What are haematomas?

A

Bruises, sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and clotted in tissue.
Older people bruise easier, epidermis is thinner and capillaries are more delicate.

lots of bruising can mean vitamin c deficiency or haemophilia.

28
Q

what is hair made of

A

fused keratinized cells, consists of shaft and root

29
Q

Hair nerves and muscles.

A

nerves - hair root plexuses.

muscle - arrestor pilli

30
Q

name the 3 epidermal glands

A

sebaceous glands - secret oily sebum.

sudoriferous - sweat glands.

ceruminous glands - external auditory canal, combine with sebum to produce earwax.

31
Q

what are the types of sudoriferous glands.

A

eccrine sweat gland,
apocrine sweat gland - groin, axilla, areolae, produce pheromones. .

32
Q

what are nails composed of

A

plates of packed hard dead keratinised cells.

33
Q

what are the functions of integumentary system.

A

temperature regulation.

protection.

sensory reception

excretion and absorption - aka urea excreted in small amounts, drugs, O2 CO2 N2 are absorbed .

vitamin D synthesis.

34
Q

Aging in the integumentary system means what?

A

Loss of collagen fibres.
loss of elasticity.
loss of immune responses.
melanocyte function decreases, hair goes grey/white.

35
Q

How is skin cancer formed.

A

an interplay between genes and environment.

36
Q

main causes of skin cancer.

A

uv rays, tends to be genetic, commonly develop on face neck and arms.

37
Q

Skin cancer causes

A

X-rays, trauma and certain chemicals.

38
Q

types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma.

39
Q

Describe basal cell carcinoma cancer.

A

arises from cells of the stratum basale and invades Dermis.

small shiny bump. usually occur on face, treated by surgical removal and radiation therapy.

40
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma cancer.

A

arises from keratinocytes of the stratus spinosum.

lesions appear on scalp, ears, lower lip, back of the hand.
red, raised and scaly.
can metastasise.

41
Q

how does malignant melanoma arise?

A

from melanocytes of a preexisting mole.

42
Q

describe the abcd rule for recognising melanoma.

A

A - asymmetry
B - border irregularity
C - colour
D - diameter (greater than 6mm)

43
Q

what therapies are taking place in clinical trials for skin cancer?

A

Photodynamic therapy - laser light and drugs

biological therapy - immunotherapy, improves natural ability o fight cancer.

44
Q
A
45
Q

what do burn death result from?

A

Fluid loss, infection, and the toxic effects of eschar, the burned tissue.

46
Q

burn patients should never become…

A

dehydrated or imbalanced with electrolytes.

47
Q

after 24 hours, the site of a burn becomes…

A

infected.

48
Q

How are burns classified.

A

by the depth of the tissue involved.

49
Q

How does epidermis regenerate new skin on second degree burns.

A

epithelial cell division in hair follicles and sweat glands and those around the edges of the lesion.

50
Q

how does epidermis regenerate from third degree burns.

A

only from the edges of the wound, often skin grafts are required, iid left alone, disfigurement and abnormal connective tissue fibrosis.

51
Q

What does the epidermis develop from?

A

The embryonic ectoderm.

52
Q

where do the dermis and hypodermic develop from?

A

Mesoderm.

53
Q

What glands are activated during adolescence.

A

sebaceous glands.

54
Q
A

anatomy & physiology (28 decks)

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