urinary system indicators of health & disease 3

Question 1

How is absorbed water returned to the circulatory system?

Answer 1

Via the vasa recta, a looping capillary surrounding the tips of the loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons.

Question 2

what does concentrated urine depend on?

Answer 2

a high solute concentration in interstitial fluid.

Question 3

In vasa recta (looping capillary), what is the pattern including solutes and water?

Answer 3

as blood descends down the loop, solute goes in and water out, reverse happens when blood is ascending.

Question 4

what does the loop of henle do?

Answer 4

-sets up a concentration gradient in medulla of kidney,
-concentrates urine. (by reabsorbing water back into the body, which is dependant on interstitial osmolarity gradient.

Question 5

What do diuretics do in the body?

Answer 5

slow the renal reabsorption of water.
causes diuresis = elevated urine flow rate

Question 6

what does caffeine inhibit in the body?

Answer 6

It inhibits Na+ reabsorption.

Question 7

what does alcohol inhibit in the body?

Answer 7

It inhibits ADH secretion.

Question 8

what are some complications of diuretic use?

Answer 8

dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Question 9

Diuretics can treat what in the body?

Answer 9

hypertension and oedema due to congestive heart failure and cirrhosis of liver.

Question 10

what are the 3 forms of clinical evaluation of kidney function?

Answer 10

-Urinalysis
-blood screening tests.
-renal plasma clearance

Question 11

does urine contain protein?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What does urinalysis analyse?

Answer 12

volume, chemical and microscopic properties of urine.

Question 13

how much urine does an adult eliminate every day?

Answer 13

1-2 litres.

Question 14

what is urine volume influenced by?

Answer 14

Fluid intake, diet, body temp, bp, blood osmolality, mental state and general health.

Question 15

Name the solutes found in urine.

Answer 15

-urea - from protein breakdown
-creatinine - from creatine phosphate breakdown in muscle
-uric acide - from nucleic acid breakdown
-urobilinogen - from haemoglobin breakdown
Plus FAs, pigments, enzymes and hormones.

Question 16

Detection of abnormal constituents in urine

Answer 16

Description of colour & appearance
Specific gravity
pH
Glucose
Ketone Bodies
RBC count
WBC count
Protein
Hormone: hCG for pregnancy.

Question 17

Normal values of urine.

Answer 17

Yellow – amber
Clear
0.75 - 2L/day
pH 7 (4.5 - 8.0)
0.1mg/ml protein
<130mg/day glucose

Question 18

What can a dipstick measure in urine?

Answer 18

the chemical composition , eg glucose, blood or protein content.

Question 19

what can blood screening tests find?

Answer 19

-Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) catabolism & deamination of AAs.
-plasma creatinine, catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle.

Question 20

what is renal plasma clearance & what does it measure??

Answer 20

evaluation of kidney function, measures how effective kidneys are at removing a given substance from blood plasma.

Question 21

how is the renal plasma clearance calculated?

Answer 21

plasma clearance (ml/min) = quantity of urine (ml/min) x concentration in urine (mg/ml) over concentration in plasma (mg/ml)

a high value = efficient excretion of substance in urine.

Question 22

The volume of plasma per minute needed to excrete the quantity of solute appearing in the urine per minute is known as…

Answer 22

renal plasma clearance.

Question 23

Describe how normal Renal plasma clearance of glucose is 0

Answer 23

glucose filtered out of blood into renal corpuscle, then reabsorbed into blood. none is secreted out of blood and none is excreted into urine.

Question 24

explain how normal plasma clearance of creatinine is 120/140ml/min

Answer 24

creatinine is filtered out of blood to renal corpuscle, all is excreted into urine.
none reabsorbed into blood.

Question 25

how much urine can bladder hold?

Answer 25

700-800ml

Question 26

what is micturition?

Answer 26

a process where urine is expelled from the body.
when bladder is over 200-400ml full, stretch receptors transmit nerve impulses to spinal cord s2 and s3 triggering micturition relfex.

Question 27

explain what polycystic kidney disease looks like.

Answer 27

multiple cysts, can be genetic, reduces kidney functions - high BP, liver cysts, kidney failure, blood vessel problems.

Question 28

describe diabetic nephropathy

Answer 28

occurs with chronic diabetes after 10-15 years onset, affects ages 50-70
Albuminuria detected.
usually smaller in size.

Question 29

describe pathophysiology.

Answer 29

Thickened glomerulus, abnormal blood vessels, increasing number of glomeruli destroyed.

Question 30

Name the 4 types of UTIs

Answer 30

Urethritis, cystitis (bladder), pyelitis (walls of renal pelvis near hilus), pyelonephritis (if also inflame renal cortex and medulla).
If uti is chronic, and affects kindly, scar tissue forms in kidney severely impairing the function.

Question 31

what is dialysis?

Answer 31

where blood is removed, cleaned artificially through selectively permeable membrane and brought back into the body.

Question 32

is dialysis fluid composition similar to blood?

Answer 32

Yes, accept it has little waste.

Question 33

What are kidney stone known as?

Answer 33

Renal calculi.

Question 34

describe renal calculi (kidney stones)

Answer 34

crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in urine, size can vary from grain of sand to a grapefruit. If 2-3mm, can obstruct ureter, causes renal colic (pain).

Question 36

Why do kidney stones ( renal calculi) form?

Answer 36

excessive calcium, scant water intake, abnormal alkaline or acidic urine. overactive parathyroid gland.

Question 37

how can kidney stones be broke down?

Answer 37

shock waves