CT: Pregnancy and Pregnancy disorders

Question 1

Fertilization and early embryo development

Answer 1

Fertilization rates: 90% with double and triple OV
Embryo passes through utero-tubal junction papilla @ 6.5-7 dys post fertilization @ hatched blastocyst stage

Question 2

When does hatching occur?

Answer 2

During migration from the uterine tube to the uterus

Question 3

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

Answer 3

Must occur by day 9-10
Rescue of CL
Role of estrogen from the embryo

Question 4

Pregnancy dx

Answer 4

Behavior: 14 dys (initial evaluation)
Ultrasound*****
Transrectal: 14 dys
Transabdominal: 35 dys
Estrone Sulfate (wild species)

Question 5

Fetal heart beat is detected by transrectal palpation on day

Answer 5

24

Question 6

Period of the fetus

Answer 6

Carried in the left uterine horn mostly
Palpation @ 15 dys
Placnetation complete by 40 days

Question 7

Placentation

Answer 7

Epitheliochorial microcotyledonnary diffuse with allantochorion attached to the amnios

Question 8

Extra membrane on the placenta

Answer 8

4th membrane: epithelion epidermal membrane covers the fetus except at the mucocutaneous junction

Question 9

When does most fetal growth occur?

Answer 9

In the last 3 months of pregnancy

Question 10

Endocrinology of pregnancy

Answer 10

Relies exclusively on the CL from the ovary to maintain ↑ progesterone throughout pregnancy

Question 11

Embryonic loss

Answer 11

Less than 60 days gestation
No outward signs
Pregnancy absorbed

Question 12

Abortion

Answer 12

Expulsion of the fetus and placenta
Found in pasture, maure/ dunk pile or stall bedding
Female receptive to male or fails to give birth

Question 13

Early pregnancy loss

Answer 13

Uterine fibrosis (endometrial biopsy)
Embryo/ fetal abnormalities
Luteal insufficiency from obesity, metabolic disorders and fiber production
Twins
Heat stress
Iatrogenic (PGF2a)

Question 14

Biosecurity measures at the herd level

Answer 14

Isolation of aborting female
Close observation of pregnant females
Submission from pregnant females
Biosecurity measures
Assessment of zoonotic risks

Question 15

Infectious causes of pregnancy loss

Answer 15

BVDV
Bacterial: Brucella, Chlamydophilia, leptospira, listeria, etc.
Protozoal: neospora, toxoplasma

Question 16

Non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss

Answer 16

Twin pregnancies, uterine fibrosis, trace mineral deficiencies, young females poor BCS, hydrocephalus, cervical incompetence, etc

Question 17

Twinning

Answer 17

Double OV (30%), twinning (3-8%)
Extremely rare, abortion common (beyond 60dy)
Spontaneous reduction or loss of preg by 45 dys

Question 18

Risk factors for twinning

Answer 18

Genetics
Nutrition
Hormone use

Question 19

CS of an alpaca with colic (uterine torsion)

Answer 19

Kicking @ the belly
Lateral recumbence
Rolling

Question 20

DX test for colic (uterine torsion)

Answer 20

Transabdominal ultrasound
Transrectal exam
Vaginal exam

Question 21

Whats seen with colic in a pregnant female (uterine torsion)?

Answer 21

Hyperglycemia, Hyperfibrogenemia, anemia (mycoplasma), Hyperlipemia, ↑ liver enzymes, stress leukogram

Question 22

Uterine torsion correction

Answer 22

Non sx: Rolling (plant of the flank) and transvaginal manipulation
Sx: midline laparatomy

Question 23

Predisposing factors of a vaginal prolapse

Answer 23

Older female
Cachexic or obese BCS
Large fetus
Incompetent vestibulo-vaginal sphincter
Tenesmus (diarrhea)