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Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine > Common Diseases of Reptiles > Flashcards

Common Diseases of Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Why are reptiles not recommended for immunocompromised individuals?

A

carriers of Leptospirosis and Salmonella, where eradication is impossible

  • can prevent shedding by minimizing stress and improving husbandry
  • do not clean cage by food prep area
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2
Q

Why are quarantines especially important in reptiles? How long is it recommended?

A

they are often wild caught and can harbor disease

60-90 days

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3
Q

What is the host of Adenovirus/Atadenovirus? How is it transmitted?

A

neonate/young bearded dragons (+/- other lizards and snakes)

fecal-oral, possibly vertical

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4
Q

What co-infection is commonly associated with Adenovirus/Atadenovirus? What effect does it have?

A

Depedovirus and Coccidia

ruptures host cells and targets hepatocytes, causing hepatitis (can also infect intestines, kidneys, and nerves)

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5
Q

What are the 4 groups of individuals affected by Adenovirus/Atadenovirus?

A
  1. acute death
  2. poor doer
  3. intermittent
  4. subclinical
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6
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Adenovirus/Atadenovirus?

A
  • anorexia, lethargy, weight loss
  • limb paresis
  • head tilt, opisthotonos
  • seizure/tremors
  • diarrhea
  • sudden death
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7
Q

What 2 methods of diagnostics are used for Adenovirus/Atadenovirus?

A
  1. PCR - oral, cloacal swab
  2. histology - liver, intestines
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8
Q

What are the 3 major histologic findings associated with Adenovirus/Atadenovirus?

A
  1. basophilic IN inclusions in liver/GI
  2. hemorrhagic hepatitis and enteritis
  3. intestinal and hepatic necrosis
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9
Q

What treatment is recommended for Adenovirus/Atadenovirus infection?

A
  • isolation and supportive care
  • treat secondary infections
  • treat environment

guarded to poor prognosis

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10
Q

What is the host of Paramyxovirus/Ferlavirus? How is it transmitted?

A

snakes —> secondary bacterial infections common

direct contact with aerosols and fomites

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11
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Paramyxovirus/Ferlavirus? How long can carrier status last?

A
  • anorexia
  • regurgitation
  • dyspnea
  • star gazing
  • head tremors
  • flaccid paralysis
  • ACUTE = paresis and death within 24-48 hours

10 months

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12
Q

What 2 diagnostics are performed for Paramyxovirus/Ferlavirus? What gross pathology can be appreciated?

A
  1. PCR - oral/cloacal swab or pulmonary wash
  2. hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer

inflammation/necrosis of lungs, CNS, and liver

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13
Q

WHat treatment is recommended for Paramyxovirus/Ferlavirus?

A
  • isolation and supportive care
  • treat secondary infections
  • improve husbandry

poor prognosis

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14
Q

What is the host of Arenavirus? What does it cause?

A

boas and pythons

inclusion body disease

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15
Q

What are 4 methods of transmission of Arenavirus?

A
  1. direct contact
  2. fomites
  3. snake mite (Ophionyssus natricis)
  4. vertical
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16
Q

What clinical signs are seen in boids and pythons with Arenavirus infection?

A

BOIDS = regurgitation and progressive weight loss, secondary infections (stomatitis, pneumonia, neurologic disease)

PYTHONS = acute severe neurologic disease

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17
Q

What are 3 ways of diagnosing Arenavirus infection?

A
  1. biopsy - liver or esophageal tonsils
  2. CBC - leukocytosis with lymphocytosis occasionally with IB in the cytoplasm
  3. PCR - oral/esophageal swab
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18
Q

How is Arenavirus infection treated?

A
  • isolation and supportive care
  • treat secondary infections
  • improve husbandry

poor prognosis —> euthanasia

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19
Q

What novel virus is associated with fatal respiratory disease in pythons? How is it transmitted? Diagnosed?

A

Nidovirus

contact with fecal matter and bedding

PCR of respiratory secretions or cloacal swabs

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20
Q

What is the main reptile host of Herpesvirus? How is it transmitted?

A

chelonians

direct horizontal - respiratory secretions, feces, saliva

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21
Q

What are the 2 major clinical signs associated with Herpesvirus infection? What else is seen?

A

stomatitis and rhinitis

  • conjunctivitis, blepharoedema, serous/mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • hypersalvation, glossitis (diphtheric membrane)
  • dyspnea
  • dehydration
  • neurologic signs
  • weight loss
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22
Q

What are 2 options for diagnosing Herpesvirus infection?

A
  1. PCR - swab or biopsy or oral lesion
  2. histopath - IN inclusion bodies
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23
Q

What treatment is available for Herpesvirus infection? What happens with survivors?

A

no effective treatment —> try Acyclovir, supportive care, treatment of secondary infections, and improve husbandry

will be carriers for life - allows for continuous spread to other household chelonians, must minimize stress (no brumation!)

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24
Q

What Poxvirus commonly affects crocodilians? What signs are associated? Treatment?

A

Caiman pox —> white circular lesions

isolation + supportive therapy

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25
Q

What is West Nile virus associated with? What are the 3 most common clinical signs?

A

acute death in American Alligators

  1. depression
  2. lethargy
  3. neurological signs
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26
Q

What is the host of infectious stomatitis? What is the most common cause?

A

(mouth rot/ulcerative stomatitis) - all reptiles, most common in snakes

poor husbandry, trauma, or systemic illness allows Aeromonas or Pseudomonas infection likely

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27
Q

What are the most common clinical signs associated with infectious stomatitis?

A
  • anorexia
  • hypersalivation
  • oral petechiae
  • caseous exudate
  • tooth loss
  • osteomyelitis
  • eye infections
  • pneumonia
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28
Q

How is infectious stomatitis diagnosed? What are the 3 most common treatments necessary?

A

bacterial culture

  1. MILD CASES - improve husbandry, topical iodine
  2. SEVERE CASES - improve husbandry, topical iodine, systemic antibiotics
  3. periodic trimming for resulting beak and jaw deformation

(iodine safer near eyes)

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29
Q

What is the most common host of vascular dermatitis? What is a major predisposing factor?

A

(blister disease/scale rot) - captive snakes and occasionally lizards

increased humidity = poor ventilation, wet substrate

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30
Q

How does vascular dermatitis progress? How is it treated?

A

SQ fluid-filled, sterile lesions —> secondary bacterial infection —> bacteremia

improve husbandry + topical iodine +/- systemic antibiotics

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31
Q

What is the most common host of Mycoplasma? What is the most common clinical sign?

A

chelonians +/- squamates, crocodilians

chronic nasal sinusitis

  • ACUTE = hyporexia, lethargy, clear nasal d/c
  • CHRONIC = weight loss, mucoid-mucopurulent nasal/ocular d/c, conjunctivitis, palpebral edema
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32
Q

How is Mycoplasma transmitted? When are flareups common?

A

direct - nasal exudates (very contagious)

cold weather

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33
Q

How is Mycoplasma infection diagnosed? What are 3 treatment options?

A

difficult - culture, ELISA, PCR

  1. tetracyclines +/- fluoroquinolones
  2. supportive treatment
  3. isolate survivors due to asymptomatic carriers

(Enrofloxacin nasal wash + Dexamethasone + NaCl fluids —> recurrence common)

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34
Q

What are the main 2 causes of abscesses in reptiles? How does it compare to mammals?

A

G- or anaerobic bactertia

caseous exudate does no drain well - heterophils lack lytic enzymes responsible for the production of abscesses in mammals

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35
Q

How are abscesses treated?

A
  • lance and leave open
  • flush with iodine q 1-2 weeks
  • topical/systemic antibiotics
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36
Q

What antibiotics are more commonly used in reptiles?

A

injectable Enrofloxacin or Cefrazidime

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37
Q

What causes onygenalean dermatomycosis? What are the most common hosts?

A

Nannizziopsis spp. (yellow fungus disease, CANV)

lizards and snakes —> bearded dragons, chameleons, green iguanas

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38
Q

What is the most common clinical sign associated with onygenalean dermatomycosis? What else can be seen?

A

yellow-brown skin lesions with hyperkeratosis and ulceraition

  • skin necrosis
  • slough exposes muscle and bone
  • anorexia
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39
Q

What is the preferred diagnostic for onygenalean dermatomycosis? What else can be done?

A

histopath - hyphae

  • broad range, next generation PCR (bacteria + fungi, sensitivity)
  • cytology
  • culture
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40
Q

What are 5 aspects to the treatment plan in cases of onygenalean dermatomycosis?

A
  1. isolate
  2. prolonged antifungal therapy for 30-50 days
  3. aggressively debride and topical treatment
  4. supportive treatment
  5. clean the environment
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41
Q

What causes ophidimyces? What is the most common host? Clincial sign?

A

Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola —> Snake Fungal disease

wild North American species (eastern MA)

crusting lesions that can lead to deep granulomatous infection

42
Q

What causes emydomyces? What does it cause?

A

Emydomyces testavorans

only fungal species that causes disease in aquatic chelonians —> bleaching of carapace

43
Q

What 2 species of Cryptosporidium affect reptiles? What clinical signs are associated?

A
  1. C. serpentis —> stomach, hypertrophic gastritis causes regurgitation and midbody swelling
  2. C. saurophila —> intestines, chronic weight loss, abdominal swelling

ZOONOTIC - all quarantine reptiles should be assessed for crypto

44
Q

What are 2 options for diagnosing Cryptosporidium infection in reptiles? How is it treated?

A
  1. acid-fast stain - direct fecal smears in lizards, stomach wash in snakes
  2. PCR

NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT - prevent!

45
Q

What causes Amebiasis? What reptiles act as hosts? Carriers?

A

Entamoeba invadens

snakes, lizards, carnivorous chelonians

herbivorous chelonians

46
Q

What is the most common sign associated with amebiasis? What other clinical signs are seen?

A

hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and hepatic necrosis

  • depression, anorexia
  • CNS signs
  • hematochezia
  • sudden death
47
Q

How is amebiasis diagnosed? What treatment is recommended?

A
  • fecal cytology - drop of iodine isolates amoeba
  • decal preserved in sodium acetic acid formalin fixative

isolate + clean environmens + Metronidazole, Paromomycin

48
Q

What are Pentastomids? What clinical signs are associated with infection?

A

arthropod parasites that infect the lungs and SQ space of snakes

often subclinical, but may see focal tissue damage and hemoptysis

49
Q

How is Pentasotmid infection diagnosed? Treated?

A

fecal or tracheal wash

ivermectin and supportive therapy +/- surical removal of SQ larvae

50
Q

What is the most common sign of snake mite infection? What other infection is infection associated with? How do mites of other species compare?

A

small, black dots noticed in the bedding or on the spectacle, gular fold, or vent

Arenavirus (inclusion body disease)

green iguana mites are red or gray

51
Q

How are mite and tick infestations treated?

A

MITES = ivermectin or pyrethrin flea products + treat the environment

TICKS = permethrin or pyrethrin flea sprays applied to tick + removal

52
Q

What treatment for ectoparasites is toxic to chelonians?

A

ivermectin

53
Q

What species does Coccidia commonly affect? How is it diagnosed? Treated?

A

necrotizing enteritis in crocodilians

fecal

sulfa antibiotics

54
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

demineralization of bone due to decreased Ca in diet, increase P in diet, or lack of vitamin D (UVB + heat)

  • aka metabolic bone disease
55
Q

What are 5 common signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. lameness, anorexia
  2. lethargy, depression
  3. rubber-like mandible - very pliable and swollen
  4. large/swollen limbs
  5. seizures/tremors
56
Q

Is it common for biochemistry values to be altered by secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

no - body prioritizes serum Ca over skeletal Ca, so when serum Ca is low due to improper husbandry, vitamin D and PTH will increase Ca absorption from intestines, resorption from bones, and reabsorption from the kidneys

  • vitamin D panels are more useful to further cateforize MBD, including PTH and iCa
57
Q

What is the most common cause of a primary calcium deficiency causing metabolic bone disease? How does it affect the serum assay? What are 3 parts of the treatment plan?

A

improper diet and/or lack of Ca supplementation

  • normal/low tCa and iCa
  • normal vit D, PTH, and P

add UVB light, correct diet, injectable/oral Ca supplementation

58
Q

What is the most common cause of a vitamin D deficiency causing metabolic bone disease? How does it affect the serum assay? What are 3 parts of the treatment plan?

A

lack of UVB light + improper diet/lack of supplementation

  • low tCa/iCa
  • low vit D
  • normal PTH, P

add UVB light, correct diet, injectable/oral Ca supplementation

59
Q

What is the most common cause of phosphorus excess causing metabolic bone disease? How does it affect the serum assay? What are 3 parts of the treatment plan?

A

improper diet

  • low tCa/iCa
  • low vit D
  • high PTH (to increase Ca) and P
  • P excretion in urine

add UVB light, correct diet, injectable/oral Ca supplementation

60
Q

What is the most common cause of renal disease causing metabolic bone disease? How does it affect the serum assay? What treatment plan is recommended?

A

chronic dehydration, excessive vit D supplementation

  • normal tCa, low iCa
  • normal vit D and PTH
  • high P

rehydrate +/- phosphorus binders, discontinuation of vit D supplementation, colchicine/allopurinol, calcium supplementation

61
Q

What are the 2 major forms of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. NUTRITIONAL - lack of calcium in diet, excess phosphorus in diet, lack of vitamin D
  2. RENAL - chronic dehydration, excess vitamin D
62
Q

What is the most useful diagnostic for secondary hyperparathryoidism?

A

radiographs, CBC typically unremarkable

  • thin bone cortices, low bone quality
  • callus formation
  • pathologic fractures
63
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the treatment plan in treating secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. diet therapy - long-term, 1-3 months
  2. calcium supplementation - calcium gluconate (injectable), calcium glubionate (oral), calcium carbonate (TUMS), bone meal/crushed eggs
  3. UVB light therapy
64
Q

How does diet therapy for insectivores, herbivores, and carnivores with secondary hyperparathyroidism compare?

A

INSECTIVORES = variety of invertebrate prey + gut loading

HERBIVORES = variety of dark leafy greens with minimal fruit + grassy hay for chelonians

CARNIVORES = whole prey diet

65
Q

What supportive treatment is recommended for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism? How long does treatments last?

A
  • analgesics
  • stabilize fractures
  • fluid therapy
  • alter enclosure to avoid further trauma (lower furnishings)

1-3 months —> repeat radiographs at 6-8 weeks

66
Q

What is the most common cause of hypervitaminosis D in reptiles? In what reptiles is this especially common?

A

increased vitamin D in diet or supplements

green iguanas fed dog, cat, or monkey food as a majority of the diet

67
Q

What is the most common sign of hypervitaminosis D? How is it treated?

A

soft tissue mineralization - blood vessels, kidneys (poor prognosis)

decreased dietary vit D + supportive therapy

68
Q

In what reptiles is renal disease especially common? What are the 6 most common signs?

A

older iguanas fed a high protein diet or over-supplemented with vitamin D

  1. anorexia, depression, inability to support weight
  2. ileus/retained feces
  3. cloacal prolapse
  4. dehydration
  5. seizures, muscle fasciculations
  6. swollen joints
69
Q

What does gout indicate?

A

renal disease —> dehydration, tubular disease, increased purines (herbivores getting animal protein), aminoglycosides/sulfonamides, hyperuricemia

  • articular or visceral forms seen
70
Q

What are the 2 major diagnostics used for renal disease?

A
  1. chemistry - increased P, Ca:P < 1, increased K and uric acid in advances stages
  2. radiographs - poor bone quality, mineralized gout, renomegaly, constipation
71
Q

What 6 treatments are recommended for renal disease?

A
  1. rehydrate - warm water soaks can encourage defecation
  2. slow calcium supplementation
  3. colchicine - blocks UA absorption
  4. allopurinol - blocks UA production
  5. phosphate binders
  6. supportive therapy - decreased P in diet
72
Q

In what species is hypovitaminosis A common? What does this cause?

A

juvenile semi-aquatic turtles or herbivorous chelonians fed a diet low in vit A, like raw hamburgers

squamous metaplasia of the eye, oral cavity, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract

73
Q

What signs are associated with hypovitaminosis A?

A
  • conjunctivitis
  • bilateral blepharoedema
  • decreased growth, anorexia, lethargy
  • oral lesions, stomatitis
  • beak overgrowth
  • aural abscess
74
Q

What treatment is recommended for hypovitaminosis A?

A
  • supplement with vit A
  • improve diet and husbandry

hypervitaminosis A due to supplementation can present with necrotizing dermatitis

75
Q

In what species is thiamine deficiency most common? What signs are associated? How is it treated?

A

fish-eating species fed diets of solely frozen-thawed feeder fish (goldfish, minnows) or muscle meat

  • paralysis, weakness
  • pulmonary edema
  • dehydration
  • blindness

thiamine supplementation + varied diet

76
Q

In what species are biotin deficiencies most common? What clinical signs are associated? How is it treated?

A

egg-eating snakes fed raw, unfertile eggs

  • paralysis, weakness
  • pulmonary edema
  • dehydration
  • blindness

biotin supplementation + feed fertile eggs or whole animal prey

77
Q

In what species is vitamin K deficiencies most common? What is the most common sign? How is it treated?

A

crocodilians fed a marginal diet and on antibiotics

gingival bleeding due to coagulopathy

supplement vitamin K + discontinue antibiotics + improve diet

78
Q

What is a common ER presentation for reptiles? What is the most common cause?q

A

cloacal prolapse

excessive tenesmus from an underlying cause

  • intracoelomic masses, neoplasia
  • cystitis, uroliths
  • fecal impaction
  • obstructive dystocia
  • reproductive infection
  • excessive sexual activity
  • intussusception, other GI disease
  • nematode infection
  • enteritis/cloacitis
79
Q

What are the 5 most common organs involved in cloacal prolapse?

A
  1. cloacal tissue - rim of tissue, lumen
  2. urinary bladder - thin, fluid-filled, no lumen
  3. distal GIT - no long striations, feces
  4. oviduct - long, tubular, lumen, longitudinal striations
  5. hemipenes/phallus
80
Q

What are 3 aspects to cloacal prolapse treatment?

A
  1. ID prolapsed structures and determine its vitality for replacement (debridement or amputation required before replacement for necrotic tissue)
  2. treat underlying cause
  3. repeat offenders = purse-string and/or cloacapexy (ensure animal is still able to pass feces/urinate)
81
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in reptiles? What are the 4 most common clincial signs?

A

poor nutrition and/or improper husbandry

  1. nesting behavior, straining to lay
  2. anorexia
  3. depression
  4. distended coelom
82
Q

What are 3 options for treating dystocia?

A
  1. medically stable = correct husbandry and monitor CBC for toxic heterophils
  2. SQ Oxytocin or topical prostaglandins
  3. medically unstable or unresponsive to medial therapy = ovariosalpingectomy, salpingotomy (may need aspirate egg to make it easier to pass)
83
Q

In what species are thermal burns and prey wounds most common?

A

THERMAL BURNS = snakes and lizards with heat rocks or unscreened heat source in enclosure

PREY WOUNDS = snakes fed live prey or lethargic lizards fed crickets

84
Q

How are burns and trauma treated?

A
  • wound debridement
  • antiseptic soaks
  • antibiotics - topical + systemic
  • supportive care

(wounds heal very slowly in reptiles, more healing with every shed)

85
Q

When are tail amputations contraindicated? Why?

A

species that demostrate caudal autotomy

  • dropping works better and is safer —> surgery causes chronic issues with healing and bleeding since the dropping mechanism is not activated
  • normal mechanism obstructs vessels to keep from bleeding out
86
Q

What is dysecdysis? What are the most common causes? How is it treated?

A

retained shed

secondary to improper husbandry or secondary to underlying parasitics, bacterial, fungal, or metabolic disease

  • improve husbandry
  • soak animals (damp pillowcase, tupperwear with moss/soaked paper towels)
  • treat underlying disease
87
Q

What is a common sequelae of dysecdysis in blue-tongued skinks?

A

limb/digit strangulation —> gangrene

(these species require especially humid environments)

88
Q

What is a common sequelae of dysecdysis in snakes?

A
  • retained spectacle - cloudy eyes, rest of snake is shed
  • subspectacular abscess - multiple sheds retained over the eye, requires surgical drainage or spectectomy
89
Q

In what turtles is shell rot especially common? What is the most common clinical sign?

A

aquatic turtules that spend all its time in water or in water of poor quality

superficial/deep ulcerations of the keratinous shell

90
Q

What is septic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD)?

A

ulcerative lesions on the skin/shell caused by G- rods, Citrobacter fruendii or Pseudomonas spp.

(type of shell rot)

91
Q

How is shell rot diagnosed? Treated?

A

shell scraping cytology, bacterial/fungal culture, next-generation DNA sequencing

  • topical iodine and antibiotics +/- systemic antibiotics
  • surgical debridement of severe cases
  • dry docking aquatic species
92
Q

What are 4 causes of pyramiding in chelonians? How does it affect them?

A
  1. diet
  2. lack of UVB
  3. focal head (basking lamps)
  4. decreased humidity

typically cosmetic, but advanced cases can compress the spinal cord

93
Q

How can pyramiding be prevented?

A
  • supply wide areas of heat (rather than focal)
  • soak/spray carapace
94
Q

What is the most common prognosis of shell trauma? When is surgical correction recommended? What are some options?

A

often striking on initial exam, but still carries a good prognosis depending on the area of damage and patient’s overall condition

fixation should be delayed until patient is stabilized

  • surgical wire +/- screws
  • metal bridge
  • builder ties
  • fiberglass and epoxy
95
Q

In what reptiles are uroliths most common? What are the most common clinical signs?

A

animals fed high-protein diets with limited access to water

  • anorexia
  • depression
  • discolored/foul urine and urates
  • stranguria
96
Q

What diagnostics are recommended for urolithiasis? Treatment?

A

palpations + radiographs

  • cystotomy
  • supportive care
97
Q

What are the 2 major hepatic diseases seen in reptiles? What are the most common clinical signs?

A
  1. hepatic lipidosis - obese patients (bearded dragons not transitioned to an herbivorous diet)
  2. infectious - wild caught/new additions to collection
  • anorexia, depression
  • icterus
  • biliverdinuria
98
Q

What diagnostics are recommended for hepatic disease? Treatment?

A
  • increased liver enzymes
  • diagnostic imaging
  • endoscopic biopsy

supportive treatment + treat underlying disease

99
Q

What are the 2 major GI issues seen in reptiles?

A
  1. REGURGITATION - can look like feces, but is acidic (NOT basic like feces); predisposition with low body temperatures and excessive handling
  2. CONSTIPATION/OBSTRUCTION - low body temperature, FB ingestion, abrupt dietary change
100
Q

What are the most common neoplasias in reptiles? How does treatment differ?

A

sarcomas and lymphoproliferative neoplasias associated with Retroviruses

reptiles do not tolerate chemotherapy/radiation schedules used in mammals

Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine (20 decks)

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