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Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine > Exotic Mammals: Guinea Pigs & Chinchillas > Flashcards

Exotic Mammals: Guinea Pigs & Chinchillas Flashcards

1
Q

What are male and female guinea pigs called? What are the young like?

A
  • MALES = boars
  • FEMALES = sows

pups are precocial - born with hair, open eyes, teeth, and can eat solid food

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2
Q

What is the average lifespan and adult weight of guinea pigs?

A

5-7 years

  • MALE = 900-1200g
  • FEMALE = 700-900g
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3
Q

When do guinea pigs reach sexual maturity? How long is gestation? What is the average litter size?

A
  • MALE = 3 months
  • FEMALES = 2 months

59-72 days (68 average)

2-4 average (1-13)

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4
Q

How are guinea pigs sexed?

A

MALE = grease gland at maturity, dot on top the Y on the urogenital opening

FEMALE = no dot on top of the Y of the urogenital opening

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5
Q

What is the palatial ostium?

A

fusion of the soft palate to the base of the tongue

  • makes intubation difficult
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6
Q

What facilitates parturition in guinea pigs?

A

separation of the pubic tendon to allow >25mm separation

  • does NOT separate if first breeding is at 6 months
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7
Q

How do guinea pigs give birth?

A
  • do not nest
  • rapid - only a few minutes between pups
  • adults are placentophagic
  • young are precocious and weaned at 3 weeks
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8
Q

What response do guinea pigs have when scared?

A

freezes in response to noises and stampedes in response to movement

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9
Q

Guinea pigs are neophobic. What does this mean?

A

any changes to environment, diet, or dishes can cause inappetance

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10
Q

How should guinea pigs be handled?

A

support trunk with one hand and hindquarters with the other one

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11
Q

What enclosure is best for guinea pigs?

A
  • 101 in squared, 7” high —> 7 ft squared for first, add 2-4 for each additional
  • solid sides for several inches from the bottom, then wire up the sides and top
  • ventilation
  • keep clean - copious amount of feces/urine is produced
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12
Q

What temperature range should be kept for guinea pigs? Why?

A

65-79 F —> prone to heat stroke

  • supply sipper bottles
  • avoid water bowels —> messy, food constantly in mouth
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13
Q

What bedding is discouraged for guinea pigs? What alternatives are used?

A

aromatic wood shavings and corn cob bedding

  • Care Fresh
  • Yesterday’s News
  • Eco-straw
  • wood pellets
  • hay placed on top
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14
Q

What type of cage bottoms are avoided with guinea pigs? Why?

A

wire-bottomed

avoids buildup of moisture that predisposes to pododermatitis

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15
Q

What is a necessary addition to a guinea pigs enclosure?

A

hiding spot —> hide boxes, PVC pipes

  • shy!
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16
Q

What may help with male aggression in guinea pigs? How can stress in hospital be decreased?

A
  • raise together
  • neuter

housing with a cage mate

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17
Q

What species should guinea pigs NOT interact with?

A

rabbits —> can be seriously affected by Bordetella bronchiseptica

  • dogs and rabbits are common carriers
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18
Q

What is an important component to guinea pig diets? What 3 things is it needed for?

A

fiber —> hind gut fermenters!

  1. wearing teeth normally
  2. normal GI motility (indigestible fiber)
  3. maintain cecal flora (fermentable fiber)
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19
Q

What 2 things does low fiber in guinea pig diets cause?

A
  1. GI hypomotility —> enterotoxemia
  2. elongation of cheek teeth
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20
Q

What vitamin are guinea pigs commonly deficient in? Why? What is the best source?

A

vitamin C (require 10 mg/kg/day; breeding female requires 30 mg/kg/day)

lack L-gulonolactone oxidase required for conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid

fresh veggies —> supplements are labile and have <3 month shelf-life after food is milled

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21
Q

How long does it take for signs of hypovitaminosis C to appear?

A

Scurvy —> 2 weeks

  • spontaneous bleeding
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22
Q

What vegetables are rich in vitamin C and are recommended for guinea pigs?

A
  • broccoli
  • asparagus
  • brussels sprouts
  • mustard greens
  • collard greens
  • okra
  • spinach
  • kale
  • swiss chard
  • bell peppers - red, yellow, orange
  • dandelion greens
  • parsley
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23
Q

What are 3 important parts of the guinea pig diet? What is typically avoided?

A
  1. free choice hay - high quality grass hay
  2. timothy-based guinea pig pellets 6g/100g/day (in addition to hay, not replacing)
  3. fresh vegetables high in vitamin C - 2 c/day

alfalfa —> high in protein and Ca, which leads to uroliths

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24
Q

What are some good treats for guinea pigs? What does excess cause?

A

grains, fruits

high in starch, low in fiber = dysbiosis, diarrhea

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25
Q

What is a crepuscular feeder? What exotic mammal practices this?

A

eat at twilight

Chinchillas (nocturnal!)

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26
Q

What has caused wild chinchillas to become close to extinction?

A

fur trade

  • only recently domesticated
  • limited gene pool descending from 11-13 chinchillas
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27
Q

What are 2 important aspects to chinchilla anatomy?

A
  1. long, delicate limbs and long tails are extremely fragile - fractures common
  2. palatal ostium - oropharynx communicates with the remainder of the pharynx through a hole in the soft palate
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28
Q

How are chinchillas used in research?

A

model for auditory disease —> large tympanic bullae

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29
Q

What is the average lifespan and adult weight of chinchillas?

A

10-15 years (20 yr max)

  • MALE = 400-500g
  • FEMALE = 450-700g
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30
Q

When do chinchillas reach sexual maturity? How long is gestation? Litter size?

A

7-9 months

105-118 days (111 average)

1-6 (2 average)

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31
Q

How do chinchillas give birth?

A
  • pelvic symphysis does NOT separate
  • no nests - provide a nest box or flat board in cage for birthing
  • typically occurs in early morning with 1/2-1 hour between deliveries
  • females are placentophagic
  • young are precocious and weaned at 6-8 weeks
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32
Q

How do chinchillas behave?

A
  • VERY active - need regular handling and socialization
  • crepuscular and nocturnal
  • quiet, barks, alarm calls
  • males can projectile urinate when they feel threatened
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33
Q

How should chinchillas be handled? What is not recommended?

A
  • support hind end and upper body + grasp base of tail
  • cover exam table —> slippery, cold
  • may jump!
  • less is more —> can “fur slip” which will grow back in 6-8 weeks

holding by ears, back of neck, or by the base of the tail

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34
Q

What enclosure is necessary for chinchillas?

A
  • large cage (225 in squared and 12” high due to high activity)
  • room for climbing and jumping
  • hide box
  • dust bowl
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35
Q

What kind of flooring is best for chinchillas? What should be avoided?

A

solid +/- fine mesh

  • wire —> pododermatitis
  • wire wheels —> injury to fragile legs common
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36
Q

What bedding and water sources are required for chinchillas?

A

newspaper or recycled paper pellets (Yesterday’s news, Carefresh) —> change frequently

sipper bottles

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37
Q

Why are wood shavings not recommended for chinchillas or guinea pigs?

A

all wood shavings may release aromatic oils

cedar > pine > aspen

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38
Q

What is important for maintaining chinchillas’ coats? What does excess lead to?

A

dust baths several times per week —> blue cloud, blue sparkle, 9:1 silver sand to Fuller’s earth, diatomaceous earth, talc

conjunctivitis

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39
Q

What temperature must be maintained for chinchillas?

A

do NOT tolerate damp or hot environments over 72 F

  • prefer 64-72 F —> risk of heat stroke
  • very cold tolerant
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40
Q

What is the diet of chinchillas like?

A

herbivores, high fiber (recommend 20-35% minimum fiber from hay, grass, and vegetables)

  • salt and mineral blocks unnecessary
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41
Q

What are 3 important aspects to a balanced diet for chinchillas?

A
  1. free choice hay - timothy or other high quality grass hay (NOT alfalfa)
  2. high quality, fresh pellets - long timothy pallets allow for ease of handling (1-2 tbsp/animal/day)
  3. 1-2 cups chopped greens/veggies - introduce gradually to avoid soft feces
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42
Q

What amount of treats are recommended for chinchillas?

A

no more than 1 tsp/day —> excess sugars can lead to dysbiosis, diarrhea, and obesity

43
Q

What kind of dentition do guinea pigs and chinchillas have? How do they differ?

A

aradicular hypsodont - open roots continually grow —> I (1/1) C (0/0) P (1/1) M (3/3)

  • GP = white incisors, 30 degree occlusion
  • chinchillas = yellow incisors, flat occlusion
44
Q

What is the normal HR, RR, and temperatures of guinea pigs and chinchillas?

A

GP = 240-310 bpm, 50-70 bpm (+ sniff), 99-103.1 F

CHINCHILLA = 100-150 bpm, 50-70 bpm, 98.6-100.4 F

45
Q

What is normal gut sounds of guinea pigs and chinchillas like? What should be inspected in male chinchillas?

A

1-3/min —> abnormal is absent OR too high

inspect prepuce for fur rings

46
Q

What temperature typically leads to heat stroke in guinea pigs and chinchillas? How should it be treated?

A

> 85 F

  • cooling - use ice with caution (stressful), alcohol on feet and ears cool with evaporation, stop when mildly hyperthermic to avoid iatrogenic hypothermia
  • fluid therapy
  • steroids
  • supportive care
    (poor prognosis)
47
Q

What are 2 predisposing factors to pododermatitis in guinea pigs and chinchillas? What can it lead to?

A
  1. obesity
  2. poor husbandry
  • secondary invasion of Staph. aureus or other pathogens
  • osteomyelitis
  • tendon disruption
48
Q

How is pododermatitis treated?

A
  • improve husbandry - bedding, caging, cleaning schedule, avoid wire flooring
  • weight loss
  • proper wound cleaning, bandaging
  • systemic antibiotics +/- surgical debridement

guarded prognosis with osteomyelitis, may require amputation

49
Q

When are substrate hypersensitivities commonly seen? What occurs? How is it treated?

A

aromatic beddings, especially Cedar shavings

  • respiratory disease
  • pododermatitis
  • secondary infection

remove shaving, supportive care if needed

50
Q

Why are guinea pigs susceptible to hypovitaminosis C? What does this cause?

A

scurvy —> cannot convert glucose to ascorbic acid (lack L-gulonolactone)

vit C is required for collagen synthesis —> defective collagen, laminin, and elastin in blood vessels can cause spontaneous hemorrhage

51
Q

What clinical signs are associated with scurvy in guinea pigs?

A
  • joint and gingival hemorrhage
  • tooth loosening, malocclusion
  • teeth grinding
  • rough hair coat
  • lameness
  • pathological fractures
  • anorexia, diarrhea
  • increased susceptibility of bacterial infection
52
Q

How is scurvy diagnosed?

A
  • supportive history and clinical signs
  • radiographs show enlarged long bone epiphysis and osteochondral junctions
  • confirmed with serum ascorbic acid levels (not common)
53
Q

How is scurvy treated?

A
  • parenteral vitamin C supplementation - 50 mg/kg/day until improved
  • supportive care - fluids, analgesia, feeding (with proper vit C)
  • antibiotics if indicated

(vitamin C is water-soluble and can be easily excrete in the urine, so uroliths are not as common with supplementation)

54
Q

What are the most common causes of dental disease and malocclusions in guinea pigs and chinchillas?

A
  • inappropriate diet
  • genetics
  • trauma
55
Q

What are the most common signs of dental disease in guinea pigs and chinchillas?

A
  • anorexia, decreased hay intake
  • bruxism
  • ptyalism
  • diarrhea, GI stasis
  • oral lesions
  • oculonasal d/c
  • facial swelling
  • tongue entrapment in guinea pigs
56
Q

How is dental disease in guinea pigs and chinchillas diagnosed?

A
  • oral exam - limited if awake
  • evaluate occlusion during skull palpation
  • 5-view radiograph
  • CT
  • evaluate bullae and check for abscessation
57
Q

Is this normal in guinea pigs?

A

yes —> continuously have ingesta in oral cavity, flush out for an accurate oral exam

58
Q

Guinea pig oral cavity, radiographs:

A

roots go deep into skull!

59
Q

Guinea pig oral cavity, obliques:

A
60
Q

Guinea pig oral cavity, CT:

A

malocclusion, abscess in mandible

61
Q

How are dental disease and malocclusions treated? What complicates prognosis?

A

long-term commitment + $$$ —> unlikely to cure

  • occlusal adjustment to restore proper angle and remove sharp points +/- extractions
  • tube feeding
  • specially prepared food - moistened pellets, diced hay and greens, slurry
  • fluids
  • analgesia

abscessation - need surgical removal

62
Q

What is the main cause of enterotoxemia in guinea pigs and chinchillas?

A

administration of antibiotics (normal flora is G+!) causes the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile or perfringens

  • toxin leads to severe diarrhea and death
63
Q

What antibiotics cause enterotoxemia?

A
  • Penicillins, Cephalosporins
  • Erythromycin, macrolides
  • Lincosamides
  • Tetracyclines
64
Q

What history is associated with enterotoxemia?

A

recent use of antibiotics —> even “safe” antibiotics can affect the GI flora

65
Q

What 3 treatments are used for enterotoxemia?

A
  1. fluids - IV > SQ, IO
  2. Metronidazole (caution in chinchillas) or Chloramphenicol
  3. analgesia

prognosis poor, better if recognized quickly

66
Q

What are 5 safer antibiotics for use in guinea pigs and chinchillas?

A
  1. TMS
  2. Fluoroquinolones
  3. Metronidazole
  4. Chloramphenicol
  5. parenteral Penicillin (Bactrim)
67
Q

What are the 3 most common etiologies of bacterial enteritis? In what animals is this most common?

A
  1. Salmonella typhimurium
  2. Salmonella enteritidis
  3. E. coli
    (primarily from contamination of greens)

immunosuppressed

68
Q

What are the most common signs of bacterial enteritis? How is it treated? Prevented?

A

weight loss, weakness, conjunctivitis, abortion

antibiotics, fluids, environmental decontamination

wash veggies before given to pets

69
Q

What causes Tyzzer’s disease? How is it transmitted? What are the most common signs?

A

Clostridium piliforme

fecal-oral transmission in stressed or young animals

  • unthriftiness
  • diarrhea (enteritis)
  • death
  • HISTO = intestinal inflammation, focal hepatic necrosis
70
Q

What are 5 additional bacterial causes of enteritis?

A
  1. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - intestinal, LN abscesses
  2. E. coli - more common in weanlings, causing wasting, depression, and death
  3. P. aeruginosa
  4. Listeria monocytogenes
  5. C. perfringens
71
Q

What causes parasitic diarrhea in guinea pigs? How is it transmitted? What signs are seen? How is it treated?

A

Cryptosporidium wrairi

fecal-oral transmission in immunosuppressed animals (immunocompetent should clear infection in 4 weeks) - potentially zoonotic

weight loss, diarrhea, death

no effective treatment

72
Q

What causes parasitic diarrhea in chinchillas? What clinical signs are seen?

A

Giardia —> normally harbor in low numbers, increased numbers from poor husbandry and concurrent disease may be pathogenic

  • appetite loss
  • diarrhea
  • poor coat
73
Q

What is GI stasis? What small mammals do they most commonly occur in?

A

ileus

guinea pigs and chinchillas

74
Q

What are 7 possible causes of GI stasis in guinea pigs and chinchillas? What is a possible progression?

A
  1. dental disease
  2. poor diet - low fiber, high carbs, excessive treats
  3. trichobezoars
  4. dehydration
  5. painful conditions
  6. metabolic disease
  7. rabbits unable to vomit —> ingesta either continues to move aborally or sits in place (painful = snowballs)

GDV (rare)

75
Q

Wha are some treatments of GI stasis?

A
  • sedation + decompression by orograstric/nasogastric tubes or trocharization (GDV may require surgery)
  • treat underlying cause
  • fluids (IV or IO)
  • analgesia
  • nutrition

poor prognosis, especially in hypovolemic or hypotensive

76
Q

What causes constipation in chinchillas? What can this lead to?

A

inappropriate diet —> low fiber (no hay)

torsion or impaction (rapidly fatal)

77
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of diarrhea in chinchillas?

A
  1. bacterial or parasitic infections
  2. inappropriate diet - sudden diet change, introduction to fresh foods, or high sugar (raisins, fruits, yogurt drops)
78
Q

What is the main cause of rectal prolapse? How is it treated?

A

increased straining from constipation or diarrhea

  • REDUCE - hyperosmotic solution to decrease swelling (dextrose, saline, sugar water)
  • LUBRICATION
  • DEBRIDEMENT, R&A
  • purse-string suture
  • antibiotics, analgesia, fluids
79
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of respiratory disease in guinea pigs? In what guinea pigs is this most common?

A
  1. Strept. pneumonia
  2. Bordetella bronchiseptica - subclinically carried by dogs, primates, and RABBITS

young and stressed

80
Q

What are signs of Bordetella bronchiseptica respiratory disease in guinea pigs? How is it diagnosed?

A
  • purulent bronchopneumonia
  • nasal d/c, dyspnea
  • abortion

ELISA (Ab’s) + culture of exudates

81
Q

What heart murmurs have been heard in chinchillas? What makes up a proper cardiac workup?

A

RARE

  • VSD with tricuspid regurgitation
  • dynamic RV outflow tract obstruction (with VMTH)

radiographs + echo +/- ECG

82
Q

What reproductive disease is common in guinea pigs? What are the most common signs?

A

ovarian cysts

  • abdominal distention
  • decreased appetite
  • lethargy
  • bilaterally hair loss
  • cystic endometrial hyperplasia
83
Q

How are ovarian cysts diagnosed? Treated?

A

abdominal palpation + U/S

  • ovariectomy
  • drainage
  • hormonal therapy
84
Q

When is pregnancy toxemia most commonly seen? What causes it? What are some signs?

A

obese sows 2 weeks before to 1 week after parturition

negative energy balance

  • anorexia
  • severe lethargy
  • dyspnea
  • hypoglycemia
  • ketonemia
  • aciduria
  • proteinuria
    (grave prognosis)
85
Q

What are 4 common causes of dystocia in guinea pigs? What can be used to treat it?

A
  1. obesity
  2. large fetuses
  3. uterine inertia
  4. parturition after 6 months, when the pubic symphysis fuses

relaxin —> releases fibrocartilage of the pubic symphysis

86
Q

What are 2 common signs of dystocia in guinea pigs? How is it treated? Prevented?

A
  1. unproductive contractions
  2. vaginal d/c

C-section —> poor prognosis for sows and pups

have first litter before 6 months + OVH

87
Q

What is paraphimosis? What are some signs? How is it treated?

A

fur ring - accumulation of fur under prepuce, common in chinchillas

stranguria, excessive grooming

sedation + lubrication + removal

88
Q

What is the most common cause of metritis in chinchillas? When is it seen?

A
  • retained fetus/placenta
  • dirty environment
  • difficult birth/dystocia —> damage to canal

postparturition

89
Q

What are 5 clinical signs associated with metritis in chinchillas?

A
  1. purulent vaginal d/c
  2. anorexia, lethargy
  3. hyperthermia
  4. vulvar swelling
  5. agalactia
90
Q

How is metritis in chinchillas treated?

A
  • spay (ideal)
  • flush uterus (future breeding desired)
  • systemic antibiotics
  • oxytocin - expel retained tissues
91
Q

What are 4 other reproductive diseases seen in chinchillas?

A
  1. fetal resorption
  2. dystocia - over-sized fetus (sx required)
  3. ectopic pregnancy
  4. pulmonary trophoblastic emboli from placenta
92
Q

Where are urinary calculi most commonly found in guinea pigs? What is the most common kind? What are they commonly related to?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

calcium carbonate

diet and hydration

93
Q

What are the most common signs of urolithiasis? How is it diagnosed? Treated?

A

stranguria, hematuria, anorexia

  • surgical removal —> stone analysis, culture
  • diet change
94
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs?

A
  1. Strep zooepidemicus - Lancefield’s group C
  2. Strep moniliformis - zoonotic
95
Q

What is the most common cause of cervical lymphadenitis? How is it treated?

A

Strep species are part of the normal oral flora —> oral trauma from coarse hay or dental disease cause bacterial invasion to nearby LNs

complete surgical excision —> cannot drain due to thick and caseous contents, allows for C&S

96
Q

What is considered metabolic bones disease in guinea pigs? How does it appear? What are the 2 associated causes?

A

fibrous osteodystrophy

replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue, giving it a moth-eaten appearance

diet and genetics

97
Q

What are some clinical signs of fibrous osteodystrophy? How is it diagnosed? Treated?

A

lameness and pathological fractures due to poor bone quality

radiographs

  • calcium supplementation
  • diet change
98
Q

What fractures are especially common in chinchillas? How are they treated?

A

long bone fractures —> hind limbs are long and delicate (esp tibia) with thin cortices

surgical repair or amputation (splints often inadequate)

99
Q

What causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis in guinea pigs and chinchillas? What are the most common signs? How is it transmitted?

A

arenavirus infection, most common in breeding facilities or labs

meningitis and hindlimb paralysis

inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with infected fluids —> zoonotic, clients may have headaches, vomiting, or fever

100
Q

When is listeriosis most commonly seen in chinchillas? What causes it? What organs are most commonly affected?

A

ranches chinchillas with access to decaying vegetation

L. monocytogenes

liver —> disseminated in blood —> encephalitis, abortion, septicemia

101
Q

What virus causes neurological disease in chinchillas? What signs are seen?

A

herpesvirus (human HV-1) —> zoonotic vs. reservoir

  • begins with conjunctivitis
  • seizures, ataxia
  • recumbency
  • respiratory distress
    (poor prognosis)
102
Q

What is the most common tumor in guinea pigs? What causes it? What are the most common signs?

A

leukemia —> type C retrovirus

  • lymphadenomegaly
  • hepatomegaly
  • splenomegaly
103
Q

How is leukemia in guinea pigs diagnosed?

A

CBC - leukemic —> differentiate from lymphosarcoma

(short disease process, poor prognosis)

104
Q

What is metastatic mineralization in guinea pigs? What may be associated?

A

abnormal mineralization of visceral organs —> commonly incidental finding at necropsy, may cause organ dysfunction if severe (GI, renal, pulmonary)

vitamin/mineral deficiency or excess

Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine (20 decks)

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