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Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine > Avian Anatomy, Biology, & Husbandry > Flashcards

Avian Anatomy, Biology, & Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the metabolic rates of birds like?

A

HIGH

  • quick clearance of drugs
  • sick/lethargic = more likely to become anorexic
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2
Q

How does avian integument compare to mammals?

A
  • thinner
  • minimal blood supply and nerves
  • no generalized sweat glands
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3
Q

What is the uropygial gland?

A

preen/oil gland found at the base of the tail responsible for waterproofing and insulating feathers

  • common site for cancer in parrots
  • not present in all birds
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4
Q

What is the rhamphotheca? What 2 divisions does it have?

A

keratinous component of the beak

  1. rhinotheca - keratinous sheath of upper beak
  2. gnathotheca - keratinous sheath of lower beak
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5
Q

What is the egg tooth?

A

small, sharp projection at the tip of beaks of young birds used to initially break the egg and allow hatching

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6
Q

What is the cere? How is it used for sexing birds?

A

area of thin, soft keratin around the nostrils of some bird species

in budgies and parakeets, it will be colored blue in males and brown in females

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7
Q

What ornamental features are commonly found in chickens and turkeys? What is the purpose of these features?

A
  • CHICKEN - ear lobe remanent, comb, wattle
  • TURKEY - snood

thermoregulation, mate attraction, indicator of health

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8
Q

What are avian ears like?

A

holes in the side of the head, lacking external structure

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9
Q

What are 4 functions of feathers?

A
  1. insulation
  2. flight
  3. waterproofing
  4. courtship

aka plumage - can weigh 2-3x more than skeleton

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10
Q

What are feathers? How do they look when they first sprout?

A

keratinized epidermis derived from specialized follicles in the dermis

blood/pin feather - growing feather with healthy arterial/venous blood supply, which degenerates as the feather matures

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11
Q

Parts of a feather:

A
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12
Q

How are feathers arranged?

A

not attached to skin evenly, but concentrated into tracts

  • pterylae = feathered area
  • apterylae = featherless area, common near jugular
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13
Q

What are the 2 types of feathers?

A
  1. CONTOUR - flight feathers
  2. COVERT - down feathers
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of contour feathers?

A
  1. remiges - “rower” feathers on the wing (10 primary, 10-20 secondary)
  2. retrices - “rudder” features on the tail
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15
Q

Why must interosseous injections be done carefully in birds?

A

some communicate with the respiratory system

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16
Q

Avian musculoskeletal system:

A
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17
Q

What is the keel?

A

enlarged sternum that acts as the attachment site of pectoral muscles important for flight and respiration

  • also used for BCS
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18
Q

What is proper technique for restraining birds?

A

NEVER restrict the keel —> must be able to move up and down for respiration

  • dorsal recumbency preferred for general anesthesia
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19
Q

What additional function do avian long bones have? In what 2 ways do they compare to mammals?

A

pneumatic - extension of the respiratory system

  1. medullary trabecular bones containing bony spicules, which act as calcium reserves for egg production
  2. thin with brittle cortices as an adaption for flight (not suitable for plating)
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20
Q

What are 3 locations in the spinal cord that are fused in birds? Why?

A
  1. notarium - dorsal spinous processes of most thoracic vertebrae
  2. synsacrum - remaining thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and first few caudal vertebrae
  3. pygostyle - most caudal 3-4 vertebrae

keeps spine stiff during flight

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21
Q

What are the 2 major bones that make up the scapular girdle?

A
  1. furcula (red) - well-developed clavicle and is fused (wishbone)
  2. coracoid (green) - articulates with scapula (purple), clavicle, and keel; commonly associated with wing trauma
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22
Q

What is unique about the thoracic limb of birds? What makes up this limb?

A

ulna is larger than the radius and is the preferred site of IO catheter (+ not pneumatic)

  • humerus
  • 2 carpal bones - radius, ulna
  • carpometacarpus - major, minor
  • 3 digits - first digit (alula) may contain 1-2 phalanges
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23
Q

What is the patagium?

A

skin from neck to carpus used for aerodynamic lift

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24
Q

What bones are commonly pneumatic?

A

humerus and femur

25
Q

Why is it important to understand the differences in foot arrangements in birds?

A

all birds cannot be bandaged the same way

26
Q

What is the perching reflex?

A

birds contain a stay apparatus that keeps them from falling off perches while sleeping and is automatically activated by flexion of the digital flexors when something that can be perched is put in their feet

  • sick = decreased reflex
27
Q

What is the difference between white and dark meat?

A

muscles take on different colors dependent on the relative amount of myoglobing

  • phasic muscles = less myoglobin and pale
  • postural/endurance muscles = more myoglobin and darker
28
Q

What type of heart do birds have? What is unique about their jugulars?

A

4 chambered

right jugular > left jugular in chickens and psittacines

29
Q

What are the kidneys of birds like?

A
  • 3 lobes each with separate renal artery for each lobe
  • renal portal system (pectorals most common injection site)
30
Q

What is the lymphatic system of birds like?

A

no true lymph nodes - contain lymphoid accumulations present in organs as nodules or patches

31
Q

What is the thymus of birds like?

A

multilobulated and found along the jugular veins

  • well developed in young birds and regresses with age
32
Q

What is the Bursa of Fabricius?

A

dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeum responsible for B-cell proliferation

  • well developed in young birds and regresses in adult birds
33
Q

How does the glottis of birds compare to mammals? Trachea?

A

no epiglottis or vocal folds

complete cartilaginous rings (NO cuffed ET tube) - some species have an especially long and winding trachea with increased dead space

34
Q

Where is the syrinx found? What is its purpose?

A

bifurcation of the trachea (common spot for fungal infection an FB lodgement)

voice production (male ducks have a modified one with osseous bulla for voice resonance)

35
Q

What does the avian respiratory system lack?

A

diaphragm - trunk muscles generate pressure to move air in/out of air sacs

36
Q

What are the lungs of birds like? What is the site of gas exchange?

A

non-expansible and associated with ventral ribs/attached to body wall

parabronchi

37
Q

How many air sacs do chickens and psittacines have? What is their purpose?

A
  • CHICKENS = 8 air sacs
  • PSITTACINES = 9 air sacs

act as bellows to move air in and out of the body

38
Q

How does air flow in the avian respiratory system?

A

one-way flow

  • FIRST INHALE = air moves through lungs to posterior air sacs
  • FIRST EXHALE = air moves to lung tissue
  • SECOND INHALE = waste air moves to anterior sacs
  • SECOND EXHALE = waste air leaves the body from the anterior air sacs to the trachea
    (2 breaths to expire completely)
39
Q

What is the oropharynx in birds like?

A
  • lack a soft palate
  • hard palate has a choana, which connects the oral and nasal cavity and is lined by caudally directed papilla to push food down

(hypovitaminosis A can blunt the papilla)

40
Q

What is the ingluvies? Where is it found in chickens and psittacines? What bird has a particularly large one?

A

crop - out-pouching of esophagus that acts as a temporary storage of food

cranial to thoracic inlet on the right side of the neck (not all birds have one!)

pigeons —> crop milk for young

41
Q

What are the 2 chambers of the stomach in birds?

A
  1. proventriculus - glandular stomach that secretes digestive enzymes
  2. ventriculus (gizzard) - muscular lined with protective cuticles, commonly containing stones/grit to break up larger food particles
42
Q

What is the small intestine of birds like? How does it run?

A

shorter than mammals

  • duodenum
  • upper ileum (jejunum)
  • Meckel’s diverticulum - remnant of fetal yolk sac
  • lower ileum
43
Q

Other than the small intestines, what organs are found in the GI system in birds?

A
  • cecum - not present in all birds, can vary in shape and size
  • cloaca
  • accessory organs: liver +/- gallbladder, pancreas
44
Q

What does the avian kidney lack? What are the 2 types of nephron seen?

A

renal medulla and pelvis

  1. MAMMALIAN (10-30%)- contains loop of Henle
  2. REPTILIAN - no loop of Henle
45
Q

What organs does the urinary system of birds lack?

A
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
46
Q

What is the predominate form of urogenital system waste in birds?

A

uric acid

  • also produces a very small amount of urea
47
Q

What unique clinical sign can be seen with renomegaly in birds? Why?

A

lameness or neurologic deficits in pelvic limb

sciatic nerve runs through the kidneys

48
Q

What makes up the entire reproductive tract of birds? In what 2 ways is ut unique?

A

ovary + oviduct

  1. left side is functional, right typically regresses
  2. blood supply to the ovary via the left ovarian artery is very short - makes ovariectomies more difficult
49
Q

What are the 4 portions of the oviduct that eggs progress through? What happens at each site?

A
  1. INFUNDIBULUM - captures ovulated mature follicles and adds chalaza (protein surrounding and suspending yolk)
  2. MAGNUM - adds albumin, sodium, magnesium, and calcium
  3. ISTHMUS - incorporated sulfur-containing proteins into shell
  4. UTERUS/SHELL GLAND - calcification of egg shell
50
Q

What are the testes of male birds like?

A

paired, within body cavity near the cranial pole of the kidneys —> one is active and the other is passive (can change season to season)

  • no accessory sex glands
  • 3% of bird species have phallus
51
Q

What should the enclosure of psittacines be like?

A
  • birds should be able to flap wings without touching everything and small birds should have more horizontal space for short flight
  • bar spacing appropriate to prevent escape or getting stuck

(cage when not supervised!)

52
Q

Why is it especially important to have safe enclosures for parrots? What perches should be avoided? What space of the house should the cage not be placed?

A

parrots chew —> avoid zinc or lead bars

sand paper —> very abrasive and predisposes to pododermatitis

drafty areas and the kitchen (fumes from nonstick Teflon pans)

53
Q

How does the diets of eclectus parrots compare to budgies?

A

fruit/vegetable + pellet diets

seed mix + pellet diets

54
Q

What are 3 major issues with all seed diets in psittacines?

A
  1. high fat = obesity, hepatic lipidosis, egg binding
  2. low in vitamin A = upper respiratory sign, blunted papilla of choana
  3. deficient in vitamin B, calcium, copper, selenium, and iron
55
Q

What is the best choice in diet for psittacines? What food should be avoided?

A

pelleted - complete diet, may be difficult to transition (bird may prefer certain colored pellets)

human food - leads to deficiencies

56
Q

What is a common result in birds that lack enrichment? What is a good option for enrichment and diet completeness?

A
  • feather plucking
  • increased masturbation

cuttlefish bone —> offers calcium

57
Q

What housing considerations should be taken for galliforms? What diet is preferred?

A
  • indoor and outdoor options
  • sheltered and insulated coop should be offered for predatory and environmental protection
  • good ventilation, easily cleaned
  • offer nesting material

commercially available options for domestic species (layer feed)

58
Q

What is the best housing for anseriformes? What diet is preferred?

A
  • best kept outdoors and in pairs
  • offer access to large water sources
  • predatory and pest protection

commercially available diets

Exotics & Lab Animal Medicine (20 decks)

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