Chapter 1 Introduction

Question 1

Timeline of plants:

_____ 475 mya
First evidence of spores, land plants

_____ 444 mya
Most major morphological innovations, stomata, vascular tissue

_____ 359 mya
Coal-forming swamps

_____ 299 mya
wet and dry environments on green plants

_____ 145 mya
Diversification of flowering plants

present

Answer 1

Origin of land plants

Silurian-Devonian explosion

Carboniferous: lycophytes and horsetails abundant

gymnosperms abundant

Angiosperms abundant

Question 2

______ (origin of life, photosynthesis, oxygen atmosphere) eons:

______
Formation of solar system
Moon Forms
Liquid Water on Earth

_____
First oceans: heavy bombardment from space ends
Origin of lige
First evidence of photosynthetic cells
Oxygenic photosynthesis

____
First rocks containing oxygen
First eukaryotic fossils
First red algae
First lichen
Multicellular organisms begin to diversify slowly

Answer 2

Precambrian

Hadean Eon

Archaean Eon

Proterozoic Eon

Question 3

_____(origin early diversification of animals, land plants, fungi):

_____
First upland plant communities (evergreen forests), diversification of fish
Emergence of Amphibians

_____
Insects diversity,
coal-forming swamps abundant
Sharks abundant
Radiation of amphibians

Answer 3

Phanerozoic Eon

Devonian
Carboniferous

Question 4

Main features of a devonian plant community (7)

However, ____ had leaves without vascular connection

Answer 4

Simple dichotomous branching

Sporangia

15 to 30 cm tall

No roots

Stomata with guard cells

Central Vascular Strand

Cuticle

Asteroxylon

Question 5

_____
One of the first tree-like plants
Grew to 10 meters
Had spores, global distribution

Answer 5

Archaeopteris

Question 6

_____eon, the ____ era (nicknamed the age of mammals):

_____
Diversification of angiosperms and pollinating insects

_____
Diversification of grazing mammals

Answer 6

Phanerozoic Eon, The Cenozoic Era

Paleogene

Neogene

Question 7

Adaptations to living on land:

several adaptations required _____

____ for support

exposed ____

_____

_____ for water

system for obtaining _____

a way to restrict water loss in ____

A means of _____ and _____ on land

Answer 7

multi-cellular tissues

Mechanical strength for support

Exposed light catching surfaces

Anchoring system

Conducting system for water

System for obtaining mineral nutrients

A way to restrict water loss in desiccating air

A means or reproducing and dispersing on land

Question 8

1990: Three domains

Answer 8

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Question 9

1990: Six Kingdoms System

Answer 9

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Question 10

Three clades of the plant kingdom:

______

______ (_____)

_______ (_____)

______ (_____)

Answer 10

Red Alga

Chlorophytes (Viridiplantae)

Charophytes (Streptophyta)

Embryophytes (Plantae)

Question 11

Derived traits of plants:

____ and ____ evolved in many plant species.

____ helped land plants without true roots obtain nutrients

Answer 11

Cuticle
Secondary compounds

Fungi

Question 12

Derived traits of plants:

4 traits absent in charophytes:

Answer 12

Alternation of generations

Walled spores

Multicellular gametangia

Apical meristems

Question 13

The multicellular ____ is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Fusion of the gametes give rise to the diploid ____ which produces haploid spores by meiosis

_____ transfer nutrients from parent to embryoo

____ land plants are called this due to dependency of embryo on the parent

Answer 13

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Placental Transfer cells

Embryophytes

Question 14

Alternation of generations in land plants (8):

Answer 14

FERTILIZATION

Zygote (2n)

Mitosis

Sporophyte (2n)

MEIOSIS

Haploid spores

Mitosis

Gametophyte multicellular haploid (n)

Question 15

Timeline clade:

_____
[ ]
_____
[ ]
_____
[ ]
______
[ ]
____

Answer 15

Charophytes
[ Origin of plants]
Bryophytes
[ Early vascular plants]
Seedless vascular plants (ferns, horsetails)
[ First seed plants]
Gymnosperms (conifers)
[ Radiation of flowering plants]
Angiosperms

Question 16

Kingdom plantae:

1. Has no seeds _____
   - Has no true roots, stems or leaves _____
   - Has some root and leaf-like structures ____&____
   - Has roots, stems and leaves ____&____
2. Has seeds ____
   - Has no flowers _____
   —Needle-like leaves ____
   —Wide leaves ____ & ____
   -Has flowers _____

Answer 16

Kingdom plantae:

1. Has no seeds CRYPTOGAMS
   - Has no true roots, stems or leaves CHLOROPHYTA
   - Has some root and leaf-like structures MOSSES & LIVERWORTS (Bryophyta)
   - Has roots, stems and leaves FERNS & HORSETAILS (pteridophyta)
2. Has seeds PHANEROGAMS
   - Has no flowers GYMNOSPERMS
   —Needle-like leaves CONIFERS
   —Wide leaves GINKGOPHYTA & CYCADOPHYTA
   -Has flowers MAGNOLIOPHYTA