Depression: a cognitive perspective (LeMoult & Gotlib)

Question 1

depression and risk of depression are characterized by…

overview

Answer 1

• operation of negative biases
• lack of positive biases
• self-referential processing
• interpretation
• attention
• memory
• maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies
• ook evidence for deficits in cognitive control over mood-congruent material

Question 2

wat zei Beck over depression

Answer 2

depressive schemas, characterized by themes of loss, failure, worthlessness, and rejection, contribute to negative mood states in depressed persons

Question 3

Beck’s original model of cognition and depression was the impetus for decades of research and theory. Bower’s work on mood and memory postulated that cognition is influenced by an interconnected network of nodes, each of which contains semantic representations that can be activated by external stimuli.

Answer 3

oke

Question 4

wat voor cognitive impairments hebben mensen met depressie

Answer 4

deficits in:
- executive functioning
- working memory
- processing speed

Question 5

This is not surprising, as almost 40% of currently or formerly depressed participants have been found to experience impairment in at least one cognitive domain.

Answer 5

oke

Question 6

wat zegt research over de veranderingen in executive functioning

Answer 6

Researchers have postulated that executive functioning is impaired in depression, but empirical evidence has been mixed. Furthermore, data suggest that aspects of executive functioning (e.g., shifting) return to baseline after remission, suggesting that executive functioning deficits are concurrent, rather than stable and residual, characteristics of depression. To the extent that depressed individuals exhibit deficits in executive functioning, these deficits underlie depression-related difficulties in other domains of cognitive functioning, including deficits in the domains of memory, attention, and rumination. The link between depression and impairments in working memory is observed almost exclusively when attention is not constrained by the task. However, depressed individuals have the ability to perform at the level of healthy control participants in structured situations but have difficulty doing so when situations are unconstrained.

Question 7

cognitive biases in depression

Answer 7

self-referential processing
attention
interpretation
memory

Question 8

congitive emotion regulation

Answer 8

more rumination
less reappraisal
less distration

Question 9

even kijken naar dit model in schrift of samenvatting

Answer 9

okeeeee echt doen!

Question 10

wat voor methodological shift

Answer 10

van self-report measures ->

• computer-based information processing tasks & eye-tracking technology
• cognitive bias modifcation methods (experimentally manipulating the presence of intensity of information processing biases, researchers are able to examine the effects of these alterations on mood, behaviour and other cognitive processes)

Question 11

hoeveel depressed patients hebben impairments in at least 1 cognitive domain

Answer 11

40%

Question 12

executive functioning =

Answer 12

ability to plan, problem solve, inhibit the processing of information

Question 13

hoe zit research nu op executive functioning in depression

Answer 13

researchers have suggested executive functioning is impaired in depressed individuals, but evidence has shown mixed feelings.

data suggests that aspects of executive functioning return to baseline after remission: meaning that deficits are concurrent, rather than stable and residual

Question 14

working memory =

Answer 14

the ability to maintain or manipulate information across a short delay

Question 15

research op working memory in depressed patients

Answer 15

er is een link tussen impairments WM en depression, maar alleen als:
attention is not constrained by the task (dus als de task niet te veel aandacht vereist) -> attention can therefore be focused on personal concerns and task irrelevant ideas.

-> depressed individuals have the ability to perform at the level of healthy individuals, in structured situations, but struggle doing so when situations are unconstrained or when they are left to their own initiative

Question 16

processing speed ook mixed findings

Answer 16

oke

Question 17

cognitive biases research nu

Answer 17

individuals with depression/at risk for depression exhibit preferential processing of mood-congruent material across multiple forms of cognition

Question 18

self-referential processing is thought to …

Answer 18

reflect an individuals negative cognitive schemas

Question 19

hoe meten ze self-referential processing

Answer 19

via self-referential encoding task (SRET)

-> people are asked to judge whether certain emotional adjectives describe them.

negative schemas in SRET are associated with depression.

Question 20

emotional stroop task =

Answer 20

people are asked to name the color of an emotionally valenced word, if they take longer to name the color of negative vs neutral words, a negative attentional bias is inferred.

Question 21

wat zijn resultaten op de stroop task

Answer 21

niet echt iets, niet echt verschillen tussen depressed en niet depressed

Question 22

wat is de dot-probe task

Answer 22

participants are asked to detect the location of a dot that has been presesnted behind either a neutral or an emotional stimulus.

attentional allocation is determined based on their reaction time.

Question 23

wat liet de dot-probe task zien

Answer 23

verwachting: depressed patients would exhibit negative attentional biases: shorter responses to detect the dot when it appeared behind sad words, compared to happy stimuli.

maar; results differed per duration for which the stimuli was presented

en faces creased more negative bias than words.

-> depressed patients have difficulty disengaging from negative stimuli that has captured their attention

Question 24

depressed individuals en ambiguous information

Answer 24

severely depressed individuals interpret ambiguous information as more negative than mildly or moderately depressed individuals (maar andere studies zeggen juist weer dat depressieve mensen de wereld meer zien zoals hij is, en anderen juist door een roze gekleurde bril)

Question 25

wat is er met depression en mood

Answer 25

• depressed individuals: mood-congruent biases in memory (preferential recall for negative information). appear to be specific for depressed-related information (rather than just negative).
• beiden implicit en explicit memory.
• also difficulty inhibiting negative information from entering working memory

Question 26

3 cognitive emotion regulation strategies

Answer 26

1. rumination (meer)
2. distraction (minder)
3. reappraisal (minder)

Question 27

rumination=

Answer 27

thinking repetively and passively about negative mood states, or the cuases and consequences of negative mood

Question 28

who are more likely to ruminate

Answer 28

females (hierdoor ook vaker depressie???)

Question 29

wat is kritiek op distraction als coping

Answer 29

niet echt long term, en does not change the individuals ability to cope

Question 30

reappraisal =

Answer 30

reinterpreting the meaning or interpretation of an emotion eliciting situation, in order to modify the emotional experience

Question 31

dus 3 dingen waar depressie mee geassocieerd is

Answer 31

1. cognitive biases in self-referential processing, attention, interpretation and memory
2. the use of maladaptive vs. adaptive cognitive emotion strategies
3. deficits in cognitive control over mood-congruent material (contributes to 1 and 2)

Question 32

hoe heet de rumination theory

Answer 32

the response styles theory of rumination

Question 33

the response styles theory of rumination =

Answer 33

individuals differ in their responses to negative mood states, and certain response styles exacerbate depressed mood and negative cognition.

Question 34

impaired disengagement hypothesis=

Answer 34

impaired attentional disengagement from negative self-referent information

Question 35

wat is de theory over working memory

Answer 35

difficulty inhibiting access of negative information into working memory, and removing no-longer-relevant negative content from working memory

Question 36

wat is het effect van CBT

Answer 36

minder cognitive biases, reduction of biases in attention, interpretation and perceived control + leren van reappraisal

Question 37

cognitive bias modification =

Answer 37

het direct veranderen van vooroordelen in cognitieve processen, zoals vooringenomen aandacht voor bedreigingsstimuli en vooringenomen interpretatie van ambigue stimuli als bedreigend.

Question 38

mindfullness-based cognitive therapy=

Answer 38

combi van psychoeducatie, mindfullness meditation, cognitive behavioural strategies

Question 39

emotional regulation therapy

Answer 39

integrates components of cbt, acceptance, mindfullness, and emotion-focused therapeutic techniques

focus on allowance, distancing, and reframing