Lecture 4: Interpersonal processes

Question 1

wat voor boodschap geeft een anxious parent door aan het kind

Answer 1

• the world is dangerous and something to avoid
• you do not have control or self-efficacy: you are helpless

Question 2

wat was het experiment van parenting style

Answer 2

This is a test of your child’s ability.
We want to see how good he/she
is at thinking. Mum, you are going
to sit there for support and you
will have the answers for interest.
Most kids can do it but some find
it a bit hard to get going. You can
help if you think he/she really
needs it.

Feel free to give a letter to your
child, but only one at a time,
whenever you feel that you want
to. There is no particular rule- just
when you feel like it. You can help
when you feel he/she really needs
it.

Anxious children: mothers were much more involved and also much more negative (“dont you see that you can do this??? come one!!) than in non anxious childern

Question 3

wat is de verdeling van typische genderrollen in ouders

Answer 3

• moeder; meer caring, meer concerned
• vader; minder anxiety

the anxiety of the father is usually predictive of future anxiety of the child: because then the rough role is lacking

Question 4

wat liet het experiment van gemixte moeders en kids zien

Answer 4

anxious children had much more involvement of the mothers, even if these mothers had nonanxious children themselves

dus een interactie tussen kind’s temperament en hoe de ouders deze kids behandelen

Question 5

relatie tussen overprotection and anxiety

Answer 5

bidirectionally related!!!

Question 6

waar leidt overprotection toe in het latere leven

Answer 6

low self-efficacy, external locus of control and low trust in others (attachment)

Question 7

wat leren ouders hun kinderen via childhood maltreatment

Answer 7

they are not worth that much -> depression

Question 8

waar leidt rejection, neglect en negativity toe

Answer 8

• seeing yourself as worthless
• insecure/avoidant attachment
• hopelessness
• problems with emotion regulation

Question 9

attachment =

Answer 9

Attachment is a deep, reciprocal, physical and emotional relationship between a parent and a child that is permanent. This relationship forms the basis for all future intimate and trusting relationships.

Question 10

“The central theme of attachment theory is that primary caregivers who are available and
responsive to an infant’s needs allow the child to develop a sense of security. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.

Answer 10

oke

Question 11

strange situation test: secure attachment

Answer 11

greet/approach the caregiver, may maintain contact but are able to return to play

Question 12

strange situation test: insecure/avoidant attachment

Answer 12

fail to greet and/or approach, appear oblivious to caregivers retunr and remain focused on toys, avoiding the caregiver

Question 13

strange situation test: insecure/resistant attachment

Answer 13

extremely distressed by separations, cannot be soothed at reunions, displaying much distress and angry resistance to interactions with caregiver

Question 14

strange situation test: disorganised attachment

Answer 14

behaviour with characteristics of both types of insecure attachments.
on the one hand: seek an approach to the parent, on the other hand this causes stress & anxiety for them

Question 15

hoe zie je deze attachment terug in volwassenen

Answer 15

attachments blijven redelijk stabiel!!

secure in child = secure in adult
avoidant in child = dismissing in adult
resistant in child = preoccupied in adult

Question 16

adult attachment secure =

Answer 16

characterized by a view of oneself as worthy of love, and a positive internal working model of attachment of others

Question 17

dismissive in adults =

Answer 17

a view of oneself as competent and worthy of love, and a negative internal working model of attachment of others

Question 18

fearful in adults =

Answer 18

they both doubt their own and others’ competence and efficcy, and are presumed not to seek help from others when distressed

Question 19

preoccupied in adults=

Answer 19

doubt in one’s own competence and efficacy, and a positive internal working model of attachment of others

Question 20

verschil avoidant en anxious individuals

Answer 20

avoidant = discomfort with intimacy, seek independence
anxious= fear rejection and abandonment

Question 21

welke attachment hebben mensen met mdd/sad vaak

Answer 21

fearful

Question 22

wat heeft meer invloed op social performance: negative beliefs of self-focused attention?

Answer 22

negative beliefs!!! (cognition -> behaviour)

Question 23

what do we need from others? 6 dingen

Answer 23

1. attachment
2. social integration
3. opportunity for nurturance
4. reassurance of worth
5. reliable alliance
6. guidance

Question 24

what do all of these 6 things provide

attachment
social integration
opportunity for nurturance
reassurance of worth
reliable alliance
guidance

Answer 24

attachment - sense of security and commitment
social integration - sense of companionship, shared concerns, activities
opportunity for nurturance - a sense of being needed
reassurance of worth - sense of competence, being valued
reliable alliance - sense of continuing assistance
guidance - obtain trustworthy advice

Question 25

social behaviour fulfills 3 needs:

Answer 25

• need to belong
• need to be safe
• need for self-actualization

Question 26

3 motivational systems

Answer 26

1. soothing system
2. threat system
3. drive system

Question 27

soothing system=

Answer 27

manage distress and promote bonding

= attachment

Question 28

threat system =

Answer 28

threat detection and protection, better safe then sorry

= anxiety

Question 29

drive system =

Answer 29

to motivate us towards resources

= status and competition

Question 30

welke zijn de leukste mensen meestal

Answer 30

hoog op agency (power, mastery, assertion) en communion (intimacy, union, solidarity)

Question 31

wat was het experiment met mensen op random manier een ‘lagere sociale status’ geven

Answer 31

• Not assertive
• Compliant
• Inhibition
• Avoid
• Little eye contact
• Negative mood

(heeft veel weg van sad!!)

Question 32

wat liet dat experiment met sociale status zien

Answer 32

defense behaviour, in reaction to perceived social status.

submissive behaviour is safe: prevents interpersonal conflict with group members.

Question 33

impression management=

Answer 33

when people meet new people, they perform impression management: give small details that form an impression they want to express.

Question 34

Depression as reaction to perceived defeat=

Answer 34

Conservation of recourses; “live to fight another day.

Question 35

waar zit sociale angst op de roos van leary

Answer 35

dissocation & passivity

Question 36

wat is er met die 3 motivational systems

Answer 36

er kan er maar eentje tegelijk actief zijn!!!

Question 37

hoe kan je dus sad genereren

Answer 37

door mensen te vertellen dat ze van lagere sociale status zijn

Question 38

relatie submissive behaviour & sad

Answer 38

sad mensen laten veel meer submissive behaviour zien wanneer zij anxious zijn

Question 39

wat kan je aan clienten vertellen met sad

Answer 39

sad heeft geen effect op hoe leuk mensen je vinden!
mensen vinden je verlegen, maar vaak wel nog aardig

Question 40

waar gaat het depression interpersonal model over

Answer 40

vicious circle from searching for reassurance and rejection (want mensen met mdd kunnen soms reassurance zoeken, en doordat ze dit zo vaak vragen maar niet geloven, komt er uiteindelijk juist een gevoel van rejection)

kijken in schrift

Question 41

people with anxiety and depression have more negative life events, but…

Answer 41

much more dependent and interpersonal events (zoals divorce: hier spelen meerderen een rol in)

Question 42

social anxiety interpersonal consequences

Answer 42

• SA are judged in some situations as less friendly, relaxed and similar.
• Interactions with SA are sometimes experienced as less easy and pleasant.
• Interaction partners are less keen on future interactions with SA.

Question 43

interpersonal consequences of depression

Answer 43

• Depressives frequently have relationship problems.
• Some studies find that people who exhibit depressive behaviour are more likely to be judged negatively.
• By excessively seeking affirmation, they are more likely to be rejected (but often not when they don’t!)