Major depressive disorder

Question 1

one factor that likely contributes to depression’s chronicity=

Answer 1

interpersonal factors

Question 2

some behavioural differences in MDD

Answer 2

facial expressions: animated to express more sadness
less eye contact
posture: head down
nonverbal cues: fewer gestures
speak more slowely
less volume
voice modulation (voices are perceived as more negative by others!)

Question 3

in contrast to the learned helplessness, the hopelessness theory focuses on…

Answer 3

attribution

Question 4

hoe kunnen behaviours in depressie leiden tot social rejection

Answer 4

initiate less conversations and respond less to others, which leads to less social interaction. also tend to interact with more negative and self-disclosure of negative events, often at socially inappropriate times

Question 5

social skills impairment is more … than …

Answer 5

more statelike than traitlike (dus tijdens de depressie, niet dat deze individuals van zichzelf al minder sociaal zijn)

Question 6

wat voor communication behaviour do individuals engage in

Answer 6

interpersonal feedback seeking -> seeking enhancing or self-verifying feedback from others

Question 7

Coyne’s theory

Answer 7

depressed individuals seek reassurence from others, but they do not find it satisfying and actually questions the sincerity of the reassurence, which leads to further seeking of reassurence -> more frequent and extreme, environment more aggravated by the repeated demands.

Question 8

2 vormen van seeking waar depressed individuals aan meedoen

Answer 8

• excessive reassurance seeking
• negative feedback seeking

Question 9

excessive reassurance seeking =

Answer 9

the degree to which onehe relatively stable tendency to excessively and persistently seek assurances from others that one is lovable and worthy, regardless of whether such assurance has already been provided.

Question 10

ERS is a fairly stable tendency

Answer 10

oke

Question 11

negative feedback seeking =

Answer 11

the tendency to actively solicit criticism and other negative interpersonal feedback from others

Question 12

wat zegt de self-verification theory over negative feedback seeking

Answer 12

people desire interpersonal feedback that is consistent with their self-concept, even if this self-concept is negative, because it enhances their ability to predict and control the environment

Question 13

NFS is predictive of peer rejection

Answer 13

oke

Question 14

cognitive-affective crossfire model =

Answer 14

• when depressed ppl get negative feedback, it is affectively displeasing because of the negative nature, but it is satisfying because it is self-verifying.
• when depressed ppl receive reassurence it is affectively pleasing due to self-enhancing nature, but also cognitively dissatisfying because it is incongruent with their negative self-beliefs.

this inconsistence between cognition and affection leads to either cognitive or affective discomfort, and leads to additonal feedback-seeking behaviours

Question 15

cognitive processing model =

Answer 15

self-verifying feedback needs more processing resources than self-enhancing feedback:

self-enhancing: favorable or unfavorable? (only 1 step)
self-verifying: need to determine whether they agree or not (more steps)

so the type of feedback someone seeks may depend on the cognitive resources they have available

Question 16

integrative interpersonal framework for depression and its chronicity =

Answer 16

self-propagatory process: depression produces interpersonal problems and stressors, and these are strong predictors of future depressive symptoms and/or lengthening.
- ERS
- NFS
- interpersonal conflict avoidance
- blame maintenance

Question 17

global enhancement and specific verification theory=

Answer 17

individuals tend to seek out:
- self-enhancing feedback about their global traits
- self-verifying feedback about their specific traits

Question 18

wat zegt de global enhancement theory over perpetuation

Answer 18

core beliefs reflecting insecurity in relationships -> more likely to engage in ERS and NFS in a persistent and aversive manner -> increases their risk of interpersonal distress and rejection -> increase depressive symptoms -> increased need to engage in ERS and NFS etc.

Question 19

interpersonal inhibition=

Answer 19

• avoidance
• shyness
• withdrawal

leads to less practice at interactions with others -> become interpersonally dependent on the few social interactions from which they feel support. this may lead to ERS and NFS behaviours, which can lead to interpersonal rejection and loneliness.

Question 20

interpersonal dependency=

Answer 20

gewoon dat je hangt op andere mensen

Question 21

welke attachment style is geassocieerd met depressie

Answer 21

insecure attachment style
fearful attachment style

Question 22

wat doen mensen met een insecure attachment

Answer 22

doubt the security of their attachments: increased interpersonal feedback seeking.

Question 23

interpersonal consequences of depression are…

Answer 23

• rejection
• dissatisfaction
• low intimacy
• decreased activity and involvement
• contagious depression

Question 24

interpersonal therapy =

Answer 24

based on the premise that depression occurs in the context of an individuals relationship, goal is to identify the general area in which a person is having relationship difficulties, en trying to improve their skills in that area.

grief, role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits

Question 25

behavioural activation =

Answer 25

adresses common interpersonal processes: inactivity, withdrawal, avoidance behaviours.
exposure to pleasant activities and positive interactions in the environment.

Question 26

cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy =

Answer 26

operates on the premise that individuals with MDD are disconnected from their environment, fail to receive critical information about interpersonal patterns. gain new perspectives on how to interact with others

Question 27

3 key parenting variables associated with anxiety disorder=

Answer 27

1. overprotective/controlling and lacking in autonomy granting
2. negative and lacking in warmth
3. parenting that enhances the child’s avoidance of ambiguously threatening situations

Question 28

family environments of people with anxiety disorder=

Answer 28

lower in cohesion, expressiveness and support, ook vaak interparental conflict.

Question 29

which attachment styles are associated with anxiety

Answer 29

• insecure attachment
• inhibited temperament

Question 30

welk gedrag van de ouders heeft nog meer een effect

Answer 30

parental anxiety (modelling of anxious behaviour)

Question 31

anxious individuals engage in fewer social situations, en hebben minder vrienden vaak. ze hebben wel de skills voor sociale interacties maar gebruiken ze minder vaak

Answer 31

oke

Question 32

partner support of inhibition =

Answer 32

anxious children may associate with other anxious children: help maintain or even exacerbate their anxiety

Question 33

welke culturen hebben meer anxiety

Answer 33

collectivistic cultures (social reticence and anxiety), but they may also have a more positive appraisal of socially withdrawn behaviour (hier: raar, daar minder)