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‱‱ > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bacterial cocci genera?

A

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria

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2
Q

Classification info of Staphylococcus?

A

Gram-positive and catalase positive

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3
Q

Classification info of Streptococcus?

A

Gram-positive and catalase negative

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4
Q

Classification info of Neisseria?

A

Gram-negative

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5
Q

How can I tell whether something is Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Neisseria?

A

Do a Gram stain. If negative, it’s Neisseria. If positive, then do a catalase test. If that’s positive, it’s Staphylococcus, if it’s negative, it’s Streptococcus

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6
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus?

A

The most important Staphylococcus bacteria. It is coagulase-positive

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7
Q

What is folliculitis?

A

Inflammation of hair follicles. Can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus

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8
Q

What are furuncles and carbuncles?

A

Boils, carbuncles are several furuncles grouped together. Can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus

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9
Q

What is impetigo?

A

Sores. May be caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes

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10
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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11
Q

What is toxigenic disease?

A

Caused by exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Heat stable enterotoxins cause distress in the digestive system

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12
Q

What is Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

A

Exfoliatin toxin causes blisters and red, flaky skin. Can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

What is Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?

A

Caused by TSST from Staphylococcus aureus, associated w/ feminine products

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14
Q

What is Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

Coagulase negative. Almost always nosocomial, can happen when your bloodstream is inoculated w/ S. epidermidis from your skin

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15
Q

What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A

Coagulase negative. Almost always community-acquired. Can cause UTI in young, sexually active women

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16
Q

Virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Protein A, coagulase, slime layer, catalase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, lipase, penicillinase, toxins (cytolytic, exfoliative, toxic-shock, entero-)

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17
Q

Virulence factors of Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

Slime layer, catalase, lipase

18
Q

Classification systems for Streptococcus?

A

Lancefield classification system - based on properties of cell walls, into different groups (A, B, C, etc)

Hemolysis or effect bacteria have in presence of blood.
Beta - completely break down RBCs
Alpha - partially break down RBCs
Gamma - do not break down RBCs

19
Q

What is Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

A Group A-Beta Streptococcus. Most important Streptococcus.

20
Q

Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

M protein (up to 80 kinds), hyaluronic acid (hides bacteria from leukocytes), deoxyribonuclease (breaks down host DNA), pyrogenic toxins (fever, rash, shock)

21
Q

What is erysipelas?

A

A raised rash, similar in texture to a clemetine. Can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

22
Q

What is Streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

AKA strep throat, a throat infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes only

23
Q

Systemic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Scarlet fever, septicemia, pneumonia, Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

24
Q

How do Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome differ?

A

Staph. is caused by cotton and feminine products, Strep. is caused by skin infections

25
Q

What is Rheumatic fever?

A

A long-term complication from Streptococcus pyogenes, it follows pharyngitis and the specific M proteins can cause the immune system to attack the heart

26
Q

What is acute glomerulonephritis?

A

A long-term complication from Streptococcus pyogenes, the specific M proteins can cause the immune system to attack the kidneys, leading to hematuria (bloody urine) and orbital edema (swelling around eyes)

27
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

A

A long-term complication from Streptococcus pyogenes, it is AKA flesh-eating bacteria. Caused by exotoxin and superantigen

28
Q

What is Streptococcus agalactiae?

A

A Group B-Beta Streptococcus, it regularly resides in the vagina (+ pharynx & large intestine) and can be transferred to infant during delivery. Start antibiotics before birth or have a C-section to avoid infection

29
Q

What is Viridans streptococci?

A

A N/A-Alpha group. The most important one is Streptococcus mutans

30
Q

What is Streptococcus mutans?

A

Part of Viridans streptococci, a N/A-Alpha Streptococcus. Normal flora in the mouth but when built up, causes plaque, cavities, biofilm, etc.

31
Q

What happens if Streptococcus mutans enters the bloodstream?

A

This is only really possible during oral surgery, but bacteremia, meningitis, abdominal infection, and tooth abcess can occur. People w/ preexisting heart conditions are at high risk for developing subacute endocarditis, when Strep. mutans grows on the heart lining or valves

32
Q

What is Streptococcus pneuomoniae?

A

An N/A-Alpha Streptococcus. Diplococci arrangement. Pneuocococcus is the common name

33
Q

What is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

60-70% of all bacterial pneumonia (making it typical pneumonia), and meningitis. Otitis media and sinusitis in children as well

34
Q

What is notable about common names?

A

All bacteria w/ a common name have a diplococci arrangement

(Pneuomococcus, Gonococcus, and Meningococcus)

35
Q

What is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

AKA Gonococcus, diplococci arrangement. It is a strictly human infection, one of the top 5 most infectious STIs, and has an infectious dose of 100-1,000

36
Q

Virulence factors of Neisseria gonnorheae?

A

Fimbriae (for attachment) and IgA protease (inactivates IgA)

37
Q

What is gonorrhea in newborns?

A

AKA Ophthalmia neonatorum, babies can get infected as they pass through the birth canal. Prevented by prophylaxis (eye drops) immediately after birth. Can cause blindness in babies when untreated

38
Q

What is Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Causes meningitis. AKA Meningococcus. Diplococci arrangement. Can cause Meningococcal disease

39
Q

What is Meningococcal disease?

A

Human reservoir and respiratory transmission. Bacteria enter the bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier, permeate the meninges, and grow in CSF. Very rapid onset, often death. Can be diagnosed w/ spinal tap

40
Q

Virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Capsule (capsule = vaccine available), fimbriae, IgA protease, and endotoxins

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